Sustainability has always been an important aspect of development be it a city, building or a product differing with its specific set of parameters. This paper has identified the parameters and indicators of a sustainable township. Further, the paper has derived a sustainability assessment method based on the indicators identified. For the purpose of the study three townships have been selected being Magarpatta City, Nanded City and Hiranandani Estate. The selected townships have been assessed under the sustainability assessment system formed. The assessment system includes normalization, weightage and aggregation. The study has analyzed the selected townships and generated a sustainability index based on its assessment system. The Sustainability Index is generated on the basis of three dimensions of sustainability being Environment, Social and Economy as well as a combined final score is generated considering its dimensions. The final score is the performance score of the townships in the aspect of sustainability.

Sustainability has always been an important aspect of development be it a city, building or a product differing with its specific set of parameters. This paper has identified the parameters and indicators of a sustainable township. Further, the paper has derived a sustainability assessment method based on the indicators identified. For the purpose of the study three townships have been selected being Magarpatta City, Nanded City and Hiranandani Estate. The selected townships have been assessed under the sustainability assessment system formed. The assessment system includes normalization, weightage and aggregation. The study has analyzed the selected townships and generated a sustainability index based on its assessment system. The Sustainability Index is generated on the basis of three dimensions of sustainability being Environment, Social and Economy as well as a combined final score is generated considering its dimensions. The final score is the performance score of the townships in the aspect of sustainability.

This study aims to investigate the best economic design strategies that may lead to a Near Zero Energy houses in the desert region in Jordan. The research methodology is based on three levels: passive, active and renewable energy systems. The proposed alternatives were analyzed in terms of energy efficiency and economic feasibility. In order to examine the design strategies, Design-Builder simulation program was used. The results showed that applying the three levels of energy systems individually or combined would result in achieving the NZE houses. The payback period estimated when applying the three levels is relatively short (6 years) which implies that designing NZE houses are economically feasible for desert climate.

Historic areas constitute a major part of urban space and serve as essential carriers of urban historical and cultural heritage. Sustainability is a very important aspect of the process of urban development. This research emphasizes the sustainable development of historic areas based on their potential as cultural tourism sites. A master planning process must be undertaken to balance all of the aspects of urban development. The research will take Bab Zuwaila as a case study to represent a focal point and landmark in its vibrant location through a unique design based on a contemporary expression of Islamic architecture that preserves the values and principles of Islamic architecture, and reflects a contemporary expression of its elements and vocabularies. In addition to the indicated expected roles. At the end, the research will present some recommendation to integrate the case study with the adjacent historic settings to add a new value to the existing fabric.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution started. In spite of its growth and development, it caused a lot of changes in our cities which affected our urban values. The main challenge is to achieve urban values with the development of the industry. Urban conservation areas which have to be sustained and conserved due to their social, economic, cultural, aesthetic and archaeological values contribute much to the perceptibility of the city by transmitting its thought, social life, and history when it was established. Although the historical cores of the cities are valuable, there has been no attention to present its values in the process of urban contemporary development. The aim of this research is to study the challenges between the development and the conservation of urban values. In this regard, urban characteristics and values are defined in the first part of the research. Then, analyzing the cultural heritage of Al-Saqqaf Palace Area, Makkah as a case study by giving the details of urban studies and implementation experiences for conservation using the data-gathering and qualitative analysis. At the end, the research will set some recommendations to improve the urban values in contemporary development.

This study aims to investigate the best economic design strategies that may lead to a near zero energy houses in the desert region at Jordan. The research methodology is based on three levels: passive, active and renewable energy systems. The proposed alternatives were analyzed in terms of energy efficiency and economic feasibility. In order to examine the design strategies Design-Builder simulation program was used. The results showed that applying the three levels of efficiency would result in achieving the near zero energy houses. The payback period estimated of applying the three levels is relatively short (6 years), which conclude that designing near zero energy houses are economically feasible for desert climate.

Nowadays,the Middle East region is suffering from the rapid growth of population living in urban agglomerations. Modern cities have become more complex with a multiplicity of actors and of tangible and immaterial constituents that combined together shaping contemporaneous city life. Although there are a lot of facilities, most of these cities face critical problems concerning social cohesion and well-being, public amenities and safety, economic growth, energy use, and environmental quality. Consequently, Cities governments and authorities have seek for a way to solve these concerns and emerging new cities characterized by flexibility, connectivity and mobility and the term of (Future Cities) have been introduce to define sustainable and smart cities which aim to enhance the performance and quality of the cities based on cognitive strategies in relation to intelligent knowledge, environmental efficiency and information technology for a future-oriented and effective urban context. The research paper discusses the new strategies and future visions adopted in the Middle East to pursue their own paths toward becoming more livable and sustainable. The aim of the paper is to analyze the future cities in the Middle East by understanding the various challenges, potentials and opportunities cities face. In the end, authors introduce effective strategies that help tackle the growing challenges of urbanization for future cities

The world’s population is rapidly increasing, and as per UN report, it will reach 9.7 billion by 2050 and two third of this population will be concentrated in urban areas. This advanced rate of urbanization has coincided with global environmental degradation, increased consumption of natural resources, habitat loss, and overall ecosystem change. Consequently, Sustainable approaches are needed to protect the environment and the earth against these problems and other negative aspects of human activities. Nowadays, there are varieties of alternatives that are integrated in the construction process for greening the building envelope and have high impact on environmental characteristics, as well as the increase in the biodiversity which, improve building efficiency. The research paper selects green facades and the developed solution of the vertical greenery systems, their impact on the ecological, social and environmental aspects and discuss the relation between them and the environmental benefits, energy saving for the buildings especially that integration of vegetation helps improve the build-up environment’s aesthetics and building occupants’ quality of life is relative. The study ends with identifying the different strategies for green infrastructure used to enhance sustainable communities’ approaches and help achieve a wide range of goals, including to preserve and restore of natural beauty, and Critical Environmental Areas, in addition it helps in promoting Green Building Practices and encourage Community and Stakeholder Collaboration in Development Decisions.

This paper compares Building Information Modelling (BIM) standards and guidelines in HKSAR, critically analyses various standards’ known and potential impacts to the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, and recommends a viable BIM standard framework and development methodology for HKSAR. Key subjects of comparison include the latest versions of BIM standards/guidelines published by: Construction Industry Council, Housing Authority and Electrical and Mechanical Service Department, in context of preceding international standards published by British Standard Institute (BSI), BuildingSMART International, and BIM Forum. Standards are compared by the following criteria: objectives, target user, key contents, mandatory and optional BIM Uses, collaboration and coordination protocols, Level of Development (LOD), modelling methodologies, software and Common Data Environment (CDE), and quality control protocols. From here, the paper traces the lineages and rationales behind persistence or modification of standards to suit local use or other organizational requirements. The HKSAR AEC industry’s adaptation of the international standards reveals characteristics unique to standardizing in HKSAR, and suggests a path for further standards development. The study concludes by proposing a BIM standard framework that is suitable for HKSAR.

The maintenance of landscape construction projects exhibits several distinct features including long life cycles, high costs, and a variety of influencing factors. Landscape information modeling (LIM), developed based on the concept of building information modeling (BIM), has been applied in landscape design with several preliminary achievements. However, the current database structure associated with a landscape information model does not include any information required for the maintenance of a landscape project. Therefore, this study focused on the maintenance and management of landscape projects. Specifically, we first presented a detailed discussion on the information requirement for the maintenance and management of landscape projects. Based on these requirements, a building information model for describing the maintenance information is established. Finally, a BIM-based landscape maintenance and management system is developed and validated with a practical case study. The case study reveals high integrity, mobility, and effectiveness of the collected information for use in landscape maintenance. In addition, instantaneous visualization of the information is also demonstrated in the study, which provides great convenience for practical maintenance work.

Malabar Muslims were a unique group culturally who followed matrilineal Systems. They built large mansions for residing their big joint families. These Mansions were mainly located on the coastal settlements of Malabar. They were big and were Different from traditional Kerala homes. This study is an architectural appraisal of these mansions. These groups of mansions in this paper were influenced by several architectural styles including Islamic architecture and colonial architecture. These mansions show the rich cultural heritage Malabar had during that period. Even an initial review reveals that these structures are different from the typical traditional Kerala architecture. The current study is about mapping out such settlements and the need to conserve these mansions along with their settlements

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) metropolitan region is one of the most densely urbanized megacities in the world with high exposure to weather-related events such as floods, storms and storm surges. Shenzhen has been the fastest growing city of PRD with a 416% population increase from 1980 to 1994. As a city that is prone to flood hazard, its rapid urbanization has driven a drastic increase in exposure and potential disaster losses. Thus, to track the change in its exposure from past to future is crucial for flood risk assessment, management and mitigation studies. This study aims to develop a methodology to assess spatio-temporal changes in flood exposure of Shenzhen particularly focusing on the built-up area. SLEUTH urban growth model, a Cellular Automaton model that simulates urban growth using historical geospatial data, was employed to predict the built-up area in 2030 based on business as usual scenario. Then, the built-up area maps for three different time periods corresponding to past, today and future were overlaid with a recent flood hazard map which classifies the flood hazard into five different levels. The results show that the share of the built-up area over the total area has increased from 21% to 41% between 1995 and 2016, and it is expected to reach 49% by 2030 with a lower average annual growth rate. Moreover, larger than 74% of built-up area in Shenzhen corresponds to “Relatively high” and “High” flood hazard levels for all selected years. This study shows the use of urban growth models to assess the exposure temporally as well as spatially for natural disaster risk assessment, management and mitigation that would be helpful to policymakers.

Increasing awareness concerning environmental aspects of spatial and architectural planning led to more deliberated projects of eco-districts. Located all over the world and constantly being improved, apart from excellent energetical parameters, most of them have one specific characteristic in common, which is location in the outskirts. The aim of this article was to understand the importance of ecological district location depending on the distance from the city center and spatial energy efficiency parameters. For this purpose, the method of spatial analyses and settlements energy efficiency calculations were conducted. Five characteristic areas of the city were chosen for tests within the agglomeration of Polish Tricity, depending on centrality level. In each of the areas, the same experimental ecological building complex was placed for the needs of research. As a result, following parameters of spatial energy efficiency were obtained for each location: total energy demand, carbon dioxide lifecycle emissions and ecological footprint. The outcomes were juxtaposed and performed in comparative. This research approach respected both energy performance of single buildings and factors related to electricity, municipal services and infrastructure along with inhabitants’ mobility. The results from this study indicated that the location of ecological building complexes - often largely self-sufficient, is of such a considerable significance. The research supports the thesis that there is an importance of existing transport, municipal infrastructure, services and related aspects dependent on the location.

Road infrastructure is the backbone of country’s economy. The construction of road infrastructure required substantial investment and therefore requires extra care in selection of material that can sustain traffic and weather loading to reduce frequent maintenance cost. The presented study is an effort to identify one such material (Geosynthetic) that can delay the maintenance requirement ultimately resulting in saving money. The study used Geogrid(one of the type of geosynthetic) in construction of asphalt surface course of a pavement and tested it for fatigue and rutting at 50ºC temperature. Results showed that the geosynthetic modified asphalt concrete outperformed control specimen and the modification were found to be statistically significant.

Temporary works designers influence construction ergonomics directly and indirectly. The direct influence is because of design, details, and method of connecting, and depending upon the type of procurement system, supervisory, and administrative interventions. The indirect influence is because of the type of procurement system used, pre-qualification, project duration, partnering, and the facilitating of pre-planning. A questionnaire survey was administered among attendees attending an inhouse support work designer and supplier ‘designing for construction ergonomics’ workshop. The following constitute the salient findings. Quality, is more important to the respondents’ organisation than construction ergonomics, and project health and safety (H&S). A range of temporary works design related aspects impact on construction ergonomics, and the respondents’ organisation considers / refers to such aspects frequently, and on a range of design, procurement, and construction occasions. Experience predominates in terms of how ergonomics knowledge was acquired. A range of aspects and interventions have the potential to contribute to an improvement in construction ergonomics. The paper concludes that respondents contribute to construction ergonomics, but there is potential for enhanced contributions. Recommendations include that tertiary-built environment education should address temporary works design and construction H&S and ergonomics, temporary works design standards should highlight designing for construction H&S and ergonomics, and practice notes, and continuing professional development (CPD) should be evolved.

The adoption of the Zero Code, developed by Architecture 2030, is an imperative that addresses climate change offering solutions to the challenges of energy efficiency and sustainable development. On the other hand, canine/dogs are said to be social animals, craving for companionship and behave better when living indoors with human family members. This developmental study proposed a Triple-Net-Zero Bioclimatic Canine Oasis based on the need assessment of the industry conceptualized and designed, hinged on the Zero Code and other overarching principles, conventions/standards and applications associated with the use of current construction materials with impacts towards net-zero technologies. The design had a high level of acceptability considering appropriateness and strategic location, suitability to canine environmental requirements, zonal and building codes/standards in the totality of the facilities and amenities: complete hospital, veterinary and dental clinic; pharmacy; shopping center; hotel and restaurant; park/recreational center; mortuary; and academy with training ground. It integrated the progressive technologies on solar photovoltaics, solar induced ventilation, daylighting, water-use efficiency, regenerative waste management, smart energy management systems, and other low entropy open building system towards green architecture.

Landscape interventions are always temporary - as all the world around us. While major landscape architecture works seem to be sustainble taking money and time to roll out, temporary landscape architecture and art works may be as well attractive and of interest in specific situations. The more that quite often in the past they have been neglected and failed to see. Especially in recent years temporary landscapes installations have become an emerging project type in urban landscape urbanism. Pop-up parks, parklets, and seasonal art events gained a broad media attention and may change notions of open space. Therefore architects could and should take a more active role in the design and realization of such temporary interventions and projects. There is a great value to discover in temporary interventions for cities and their citizens. They show the opportunities and potentials of a site, allow to test and try new ideas and may stimulate the change of the character of a site until it will be redesigned. In addition temporary interventions are often low-budget projects allowing for innovative designs to be shown. With selected projects from around the globe I‘ll illustrate the rise and value of temporary landscape interventions that are both light-hearted as well as amenity and culture providing.

The study targeted the open spaces at The Hashemite University campus which lies within the hot dry region in Jordan. The users\' thermal comfort in the open spaces of the campus was gauged through a questionnaire. Additionally, the RayMan model was selected to calculate PET values. The field study revealed a low level of thermal comfort in the campus open spaces, where only 35.3%, of the targeted students were thermally comfortable in these spaces. This was supported by the simulation study which revealed very low thermal comfort levels, where only 18% of PET values fell within the comfort range. Accordingly, the open spaces were not used effectively as intended by the designer. The study explored the students’ suggestion for improving the thermal comfortable levels of these spaces. The availability of shading presents the most important factors asked by the majority of the students. Followed by the availability of seating areas within a shaded zone, providing water features was suggested by a few students to improve the microclimate of the open spaces. To encourage students\' usage of the open spaces at the university campus it is essential to design it with a careful consideration for all the factors that enhance its quality and by extension user comfort and satisfaction.

Road infrastructure is the backbone of country’s economy. The construction of road infrastructure required substantial investment and therefore requires extra care in selection of material that can sustain traffic and weather loading to reduce frequent maintenance cost. The presented study is an effort to identify one such material (Geosynthetic) that can delay the maintenance requirement ultimately resulting in saving money. Geosynthetic in other parts of the world has been reported to have lot of success stories in various application in road infrastructure. Taking this as a lead, the study used Geogrid( one of the type of geosynthetic) in construction of asphalt surface course of a pavement and tested it for fatigue and rutting at 50 C temperature. Results showed that geosynthetic modified asphalt concrete outperformed control specimen and the modification were found to be statistically significant.

Before this time, most structures were built with methods that did little to no harm to the environment and worked within the natural capacities of the local ecology. We have created many technological and lifestyle improvements, but as a result, many perfectly good and well-suited technologies have also been abandoned to the detriment of our culture and the environment. This study investigates the transformation of traditional building to Modern building and the concepts inherent in the vernacular of West Africa, particularly in Liberia，and show the changes of vernacular Architecture to Modern architecture and how it can improve in some traditional design to show the beauty of Liberia in west Africa. This will also help to keep the memories of old architecture from one generation to another.

Sustainability as a concept expresses the creation of an environment that improves society’s culture of the community In order to cope with the technological development we witness nowadays, it is essential to spread awareness of the effects on environmental and to develop a sustainable architecture that fulfills the materialistic, psychological and spiritual needs. The research aims to illustrate how sustainability reflects the whole city and how to achieve the concept of lean six sigma in sustainability for developing urban and architecture. Lean six Sigma is a focused managerial approach that seeks to improve performance by eliminating waste and defects. The combination of the Lean and Six Sigma initiatives have proven to deliver significant results when applied by many manufacturing companies. This research also provides an approach for developing sustainable architecture and urbanism by applying lean six sigma managerial approach that seeks to improve performance by eliminating waste and defects. Using “DOWNTIME” as a Lean concept of management and, Design For Six Sigma (DFSS) as a business management process to determine customers needs provides an approach to reach the maximum improvement in sustainable architecture and urbanism. The research deals with : 1-Lean as a business methodology 2-Six sigma(quality program) 3-What is lean six sigma 4-Sustainable urbanism and architecture 5-Lean and lean six sigma for developing sustainable architecture and urbanism The study will be concluded with results and recommendations which fulfill the research's objectives.

With this article we examine the impact of new types of landscape and architectural objects on a health-promoting and healing effect on people in the city, on the stability of the environment as a whole. The study traces the dependence of the location of such complexes in the structure of city fabric at different urban levels. First of all, we will consider the relationship between the buildings, construction and the typology of the landscape with technological solutions in the historical center, where there is a shortage of outside-architectural space and some depressive state of the environment. This deficiency forces to pay attention to examples of the world practice of town-planning design of the objects possessing multipurpose properties. Multifunctionality of objects has a positive effect on the quality change of the environment. The use of green design standards makes it possible to obtain a hybrid of architecture and landscape with new functional connections in the urban fabric. This hybrid multifunctional facility offers citizens a variety of scenarios of activities and has a powerful scientific resource in working on the aesthetics and ecology of the city. A striking example of such a space is Zaryadye Park in the center of Moscow. The environmental aspect is implemented in the project by recreating the natural landscapes of Russia and will be considered as an example of the impact of a new type of object on the structure of the city center, and on the emotional health of a person in the metropolis.

During his life, Richard Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) was active in many fields; one of which was architecture. It ought to be noted that he did not graduate in architecture, but learned some design methods in the 1920s while working with his father-in-law, James Monroe Hewlett. In the later period of his career, beginning from 1947, he mainly attended to the high demand for the geodesic dome, rarely engaging in other projects. From among many models of the geodesic dome erected during Fuller’s lifetime the most famous is the ‘Montreal Biosphère’ which served as the U.S. pavilion at the EXPO ‘67. Fuller never acquired an designer’s licence, which is why his designs had to be signed by one of his co-workers – most frequently Shoji Sadao. Fuller did not comply with a definition of a ‘standard architect’; he might be better described as an architect-visionary than a construction designer. This article will therefore explore the areas of Fuller’s architectural thought and the scope of his innovative ideas rather than list his architectural achievements. In all the six areas that will be presented in this paper, Fuller’s vision had reached far beyond the results he was able to obtain, as these were limited by the financial, technical and organisational means he had at his disposal. This, however, renders his projects challenging and interesting to contemporary architects and, as we still lack some of these means, will certainly continue to inspire the future generations of architects. Fuller’s output is therefore not only of interest to architecture historians; his visions pose constant challenges to modern design technologies, and for this reason they should be studied and analysed also by contemporary designers.

Looking at the visions of future cities we can find some new type of hybrid mixed-use buildings. Most of them are a combination of residential, office and public service. Some even contain urban farming facilities. On the other hand, looking at the statistics over 50% Europeans live in single family buildings. So there is a question raised: is there a place for this type of dwelling in future cities. Can it be efficient, sustainable and resilient enough to make an attractive element for the urban tissue construction in the future? In the paper there are different factors from multiple concepts of the city of tomorrow analyzed in order to answer the title question.

This study aims to study factors which influence to employers when they employ aging construction workers. The selected construction project was large building due to its characteristics which are complex and high risks. The sample group of this study was project managers and supervisors of six extra-large building projects which registered for construction permission at the Bureau of Civil Construction Building and were currently under construction in Bangkok. Six main influenced factors consists of 48 sub-factors were gathered from literatures, categorized, and used for developing structured questionnaires. In order to collected data, in-depth interviews were conducted. Then, mean, standard deviation, and ranking method were applied for data analysis. The results indicate that top three influencing factors for employment were characteristics of employees, employees’ performance, and job condition at construction project.

Networked city or centralized infrastructure ‘ideal’ has evolved globally as the solution to provision of effective urban service delivery mechanism over the past century. Despite many differences across the socio-economic, spatial and demographic growth and economic fronts, the networked city concept has been adopted universally, across the many cities of the developed and developing countries. While modern infrastructural development patterns showcase evident weaknesses in the cities of the developed nations of the west, the magnitude and impact of the shortcomings is much larger in the cities of the poor countries. This paper discusses the case of Jaipur city, India, which aims to achieve the ‘modern ideal of a networked’ city, but grapples to match the spatial growth of the city, thereby impacting the existing city water resources adversely. The study reveals that the city fringe areas have limited connectivity with the networked water infrastructure, while core city areas too are vulnerable due to rapidly evolving land dynamics demanding overhaul of the existing infrastructure. Hence, a heterogeneous mix of urban water supply configurations is prevalent, which needs to be structured and organized for a sustainable future.

This paper presented an overview on the risk assessment approaches for inundation of drainage systems in urban areas (Sakon Nakorn municipality) based on regional flood risk assessment methods. Detailed summarization was conducted based on three types of regional flood risk assessment methods, including (i) priority issues, (ii) indicators of the flood risk assessment, (iii) risk assessment methods, and (iv) scenario-based analysis after reviewing of the existing methods in literatures, the perspective approach of evaluating inundation risk for drainage systems was proposed. The proposed approach had the two characteristics: (i) from regional to local, and (ii) from qualification to quantification. The drainage systems were used to evaluate the performance of the perspective. The risk prevention procedures analysed by using an iterative cycle which is composed of risk assessment, precaution, prediction, and technical countermeasures. The Global Position System (GPS) for development of early warning and risk management systems was recommended to dynamically monitor the multiple risks of inundations in drainage systems into account the environmental impact.

With a diverse geography, India offers a wide range of tourist attractions for all class of travelers. Tourism is one of the significant sources of employment and income generation in India. Many development activities have been taken in the last two decades in order to promote tourism and to trigger the associated economic benefits. Increased tourism activity has created an enormous pressure on the destinations for the development of tourism infrastructure. This has led to changes in land cover/land use of the destinations with increasing built up area. The objective of this study is to determine the relation between the changing built-up area and the growth in tourist arrivals in the destination. This study hypothesizes that change in built up area is significantly impacted by tourism activity. The spatial distribution pattern of physical infrastructure with in the area over space and time is being explored through this research work.

Behaviour Setting Theory is derived from work by the ecological psychologist Roger Barker in the late 1960s. Barker’s work connects behaviour and physical features. Barker’s theory was subsequently adopted and elaborated upon in relation to urban design by Jon Lang in Functionalism Revisited: Architectural Theory and Practice and the Behavioural Sciences (Lang 2006). Building upon Lang’s publication, in this paper the authors identify 120 behaviour settings in four waterfront settlements in Malaysia, and thereafter investigate the application of this material to improve connectivity and walkability in the public realm in the Royal Town of Klang. The 120 behavioural settings (the list is constantly being reviewed) are grouped roughly in order of three magnitudes of scale i.e. Large Behaviour Settings, Medium-size Behaviour Settings, and Small Behaviour Settings. Large behaviour settings encompass several medium-sized and small behaviour settings, while small behaviour settings typically nest within larger behaviour settings. The proposition is that combined together in the context of the Royal Town of Klang, the existing behaviour settings and proposed behaviour settings will form a network that will encourage walkability in the urban realm and ultimately rejuvenate the declining town A 6.5 ha (250m x 250m) location at the very heart of the Royal town is identified to test the viability of this methodology. The conclusion is that it is indeed viable when applied by a designer sensitive to the essence of a particular place. Consequently, the authors predict that the methodology can be applied in other declining waterfront settlements in Malaysia and beyond.

The two major loads considered in high-rise buildings are seismic and wind loads. In such buildings, safety means the stability of a structure against the effect of both loads as well as gravity loads. This paper studies the effect of different levels of lateral wind loads on two different seismically designed high-rise buildings. A 40-story high-rise building will be seismically designed according to two different systems (moment resisting frame MRF and shear wall system SWS). These systems will be designed according to a moderate seismic of acceleration 0.25g and a soil type of Sc. Each of these systems will undergo three global wind speed levels under wind exposure D, low wind level of 45 mph, a moderate level of 85 mph and a high level of 120 mph. The study will compare between the effect of seismic load on the structure and the effect of different wind loads on the same structure. The results showed that wind load may dominate the structural design especially in SWS where high wind have more effect than seismic. On the other hand, the seismic effect in MRF exceeds the high wind level effect and exceeds the seismic effect in SWS.

New Ways of Working (NWW) offices have become more popular because it can help use office space more efficiently and support modern worker’s flexible work style effectively. However, NWW office makes, in some cases, rather adverse effects on the users’ satisfaction and productivity because of lack of workstations and unsuitable workplace arrangements. Therefore, it is important to provide sufficient workstations adequate to their work by understanding user’s need. Analysis space usage patterns is one of the fundamental ways to understand users’ needs. For this, coordinate-level space usage data are required. Among the various methods estimating coordinate-level space usage data, BLE beacon have a lot of potentials because of its energy efficiency and higher estimation accuracy. However, to the best of our knowledge, previous studies have not confirmed the estimation accuracy of BLE beacon for non-sedentary users. Thus, this study aimed to prove estimation accuracy of BLE beacon when users are in non-sedentary state. Experiments were carried out in an office space using BLE beacon. In the experiment, an experimentee walked along the pre-determined path with a smartphone as a beacon signal receiver. Coordinate Error (CE) are computed to prove the estimation accuracy. The average CE of each experiment was inconsistent ranging from about 0.5m to 1.6m and the average value of ten experiments’ average CE was 0.99m. Through the comparison with previous studies, we founded that the estimation accuracy of non-sedentary user’s coordinate-level space usage data was not significantly different from that of sedentary user’s.

The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the most densely urbanized megacities in the world with high exposure to weather-related events such as river floods, storms and storm surges. It is a megalopolis formed by nine cities, and Shenzhen has been the fastest growing city among them with a 416% population increase from 1980 to 1994. As a city that is prone to flood hazard, its rapid urbanization has driven a drastic increase in exposure and potential disaster losses. Thus, the forecast of exposure metrics in the future is crucial for flood risk assessment, management and mitigation studies. This study aims to develop a methodology to assess spatio-temporal changes in flood exposure of Shenzhen particularly focusing on urban extent. SLEUTH urban growth model, a Cellular Automaton model that simulates urban growth using historical geospatial data, was employed to predict the urban extent in 2030 based on business as usual scenario. Then, the urban extent maps for three different time periods corresponding to past, today and future were overlaid with a recent flood hazard map which classifies the flood hazard into five different levels. The results show that most of the urban land in Shenzhen is under a high-level flood risk. Moreover, a further increase is expected in the urban extent for 2030 especially for the regions with high flood hazard levels. This case study shows that the utilization of urban growth models is advisable to project the exposure not only temporally but also spatially for disaster risk assessment and management purposes by policymakers.

Walking is such a basic human activity that it has frequently been overlooked in the quest to build sophisticated transportation systems. However, people prefer to live in places that are welcoming, safe, and enjoyable and livable communities where they can walk, bicycle, recreate, and socialize. Creating a pedestrian environment involves more than laying down a walkway or installing a signal. Facilities should be accessible to all pedestrians, including those with disabilities. Sustainable walkway design is the foundation for all pedestrian design and facilities need to be planned, designed, operated, and maintained to be usable by all people. However, there are many cities whose visual image is lacking the presence of correct and sustainable walkway and streetscape, which negatively affects the visual image of these cities. In this context, the paper aims to investigate sustainable walkway design in hot climate. Abu Dhabi Corniche walkway will be analyzed and tested as a case study to draw a sustainable and livable model design of walkways in hot climate. To achieve this, aim the study, the following objectives will be covered: to emphasize on sustainable design process of walkway, investigate design principles and elements including streetscape and walkway furniture. Case studies with similar conditions to Abu Dhabi Corniche Walkway will be covered and studied. The research methods of the study cover literature review, data collection and analysis of Abu Dhabi corniche walkway. Based on the results of questioner survey and data analysis, recommended solution toward Abu Dhabi walkway development will be provided .this paper is a part of ongoing research passed project

In China, one of the fastest growing regions in the world, there is a lack of research and exploration on the architectural form of folk beliefs. By choosing representative branches to conduct in-depth exploration, we can complete the basic work of revitalizing and activating such buildings. From ancient times there are a variety of forms to transmit and commemorate Guangong Faith, an important part of Chinese fork beliefs. Guandi Temple is the most extensive and common one of the forms, and can be found all over China. Guanyu was a famous senior general of Shuhan in the Three Kingdoms Period. He was eulogized everywhere for his loyalty. After his death, Guanyu had been regarded as a deity, called Guangong, and often been praised by emperors of the past dynasties. From Song Dynasty, Guangong became a national god from the folk god. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the develop ment of Guangong culture has been peaked and its influence on the society has reached an unprecedented level. With the prosperity of Guangong worship, the development of Guandi Temples in the country is very rapid, and soon to a considerable number and scale. Guandi temples are usually built in the city, by the city guard and in the natural village. The phenomenon that almost every village has a Guandi Temple is more obvious in Shanxi province. The Guandi Temple in natural village is not only the place where villagers worship Guangong, but also the activity center of local cultural life. It plays a very important role in the form of local settlements. Staring from the origin and the evolution of Guangong culture, this paper discusses the location, type, form and characteristics of Guandi Temple Buildings in Shanxi natural villages, and tries to explore the expression and transmission of folk beliefs in rural settlements, so as to put forward new ideas for the preservation and revitalization of such kind of heritage.

A typical construction project involves multidisciplinary stakeholders who have different views and priorities in the project since the project is conceived. It has been established that these differences result in clashes, delays, or can deviate the project’s line of progress. Affordance-based design (ABD) is an established concept that depicts the interactions between the systems involved in the project. ASM (Affordance Structure Matrix) is a technique for capturing these interactions in the early stages of a project to manage the project requirements in an organised manner. This paper explores the application of ASM in conceptual design stage of a construction project. A case study of an OPD (Out-patient Department) examination room (part of a 100-bedded district hospital) has been considered for illustrating the application of ASM. The affordances among users (UUA: user-user affordances), among artefacts or the design components (AAA: artefact-artefact affordances) and between users and artefacts (AUA: artefact-user affordances) were captured in this ASM. The technique was found to aid the decision-making process by guiding the designer through the requirements. The experiment was verified with the experts and it was found that even if the number of iterations were not reduced, the time required in each iteration can be greatly reduced using this technique.

Currently freeform additive manufacturing, a type of 3D printing (spatial printing) that allows large self-supported structures to be built from the bottom up has a major problem. Suitable designs that are printed can support a large stress with minimal material but the adhesion strength between the layers of materials is often weak due to it not binding. This all leads to lower adhesion strength at the inter-layer junctions which can reduce the overall mechanical integrity of the printed object. This research explores different ways to improve adhesion by modifying the surface of the polymer material ahead of extruding the next layer of material. To specifically quantify the differences in interlayer adhesions at cross-over points tensile testing probes were designed for free-form printing structures. Different iterations of design and testing highlighted a suitable testing conditions that reduces variability from 60 to 20%. The remaining variability is proposed to arise from uncontrolled environment (particularly humidity and temperature). The test method was used to quantify the effect of plasma treatment on the surface showing a significant increase of the adhesion force through increase contact area.

In this new epoch of Anthropocene, urban designers are confronted in multivariate climate impacts and urbanism pressures to reverse design-induced acceleration for a spiral towards one more mass extinction due to rapid urbanisation. As mega-regions are getting increasingly connected, urbanists are mindful to engage in a planetary systemic design operational pathways in response to achieving sustainable development goals and a continued design creation for disruptive innovations. This paper seeks to analyze experimental urban design prototypes that may potentially illustrate some anthropocene urban design pathways. In order to ascertain sustainable pathways in the epoch of human-caused global change, urban design operations take into accounts an integrated experimentation framework based on design synergy in discovery-based architecture and nature-based built-environmental concepts. By employing life-conducive biomimicry design-led research, it is increasing the scope and observed a better focused for creation of design prototypes important for anti-disciplinary planners/designers to function in this rapid urbanization and sustaining the need for disruptive design and technology based urban economic conditions. Analyses gained is suggested, in this new epoch, ability to prototyping nature’s bio-intelligibility and not physicality and materiality alone may enable an important alternative disruptive urban design pathway in ways architecture help shaped our sustainable built-environment.

In the recent years, more and more people are coming forward to address varied gender identities they possess and the discrimination faced by them in various public and private spaces. Hence, the need for gender-neutral spaces has come into focus. Although universal design does acknowledge gender as one of the aspects, not much has been specifically mentioned about it. Thus, the question arises, what makes a space gender neutral? A lot of research with respect to how men and women perceive their surroundings differently in terms of color, spatial relationship, personal space, thermal comfort has already been done. Also, with the advent realization that architecture has the power to empower people, restrict or enhance their abilities, nurture or reduce their productivity, everyone has the right to architectural settings which support their essential needs. Thus, architects as designers of the built environment have the responsibility to accommodate the gender needs in the process of designing. Whether, there is a need to provide gender-neutral spaces or gender specific (separate but equal) facilities in a structure, it is essential to understand architecture in relation to gender demands. This paper tries to find evidences in the past, to determine whether gender impacts architecture or not. It further analyzes the hypothesis of male and female principles laid down by Margrit Kennedy, using examples and a case study. At the end, it also presents a small scale survey conducted to understand the viability of few selected principles. This study explores the topic of gendering of spaces and provides a framework to establish a relation between space and gender.

Over the last few centuries, humans have been increasingly settling in urban areas and reshaping our future world. These urban areas are composed of sub-centres which function as centers of manufacturing, service, commerce and trade that serve areas larger than themselves. This paper is a case specific one which intends to analyze how the landform constraints of the city of Bengaluru have influenced the spatial location of activity centres and major road network. On analyzing the spatial correlation of activity centres to the locational attributes of the natural terrain, it is observed that the location and hierarchy of activity centers determined from census characteristics and road networks follow a pattern set by the orders of drainage lines and ridge lines. The recognized pattern may be useful to determine future growth points and the areas which should be conserved for conserving the ecology for an inclusive future.

This paper explores the social roles of ordinary public places by examining a local market in an urban area of Thailand. Within the realm of urban design, the study explores the socio-spatial practices of everyday life, as they have been played out in a local market, a public place that allows space for the mundane practices of being together. Bringing together the spatial and social facets of place, this study assists in making a better understanding of human-scaled, ordinary public place. The study illustrates that the market fundamentally serves as a social space since it offers a site that allows people’s social activities and interactions to be performed within. The market provides opportunities for social interaction, social bonding, social mixing across groups and social inclusion. People’s daily interactions in the market are socially important as they shape people’s social life—people can learn social norms, share experiences, shape their perceptions of community, and form the community’s identity. Although the case study is specific to Thai context, it offers a comparative worldview about the market as social space and expands the scope of public space studies.

The research developed in this paper is a structured mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) system that amalgamates with a level of artificial intelligence to improve efficiency in the design and construction process. Currently, MEP routing in construction projects can be a maze of intertwining connections and joints that becomes a physical mess. Existing research within this topic displayed limited architectural relevance and at this point is outside the scope of an architectural designer. Subsequently, the development of computational simulation methods provides new opportunities to create optimal pipe routes preventing collisions in a variety of grid sizes. Machine learning algorithms were used to provide detailed instructions on how to create the MEP connections logically and physically by providing a 3D model from a computational script. The A-star (A*) algorithm is an efficient pathfinding algorithm that uses heuristics to guides its search. This allows for a more accurate performance compared to other algorithms. A range of plugins compatible with Rhinoceros 3D (Rhino) and Grasshopper were explored in this research to organise the pipe routes in an efficient and visual manner. This paper presents an opportunity for the architectural designer to be involved in pipe routing to improve efficiency in a construction project.

Abstract— The aim of the paper is to illustrate a series of pedagogical strategies utilised in the teaching of Architecture and concerns the integration of technology in the design process towards redefining ways of envisioning the future of Architecture. Via the agenda of a specific design studio laboratory, the quest for integration is tested and the boundaries of architecture and other technology-based disciplines are being challenged. The thematic of the future-tech studio poses “technology” as a lens to inspect the future of architecture, therefore it provides a fertile ground for reciprocally investigating the future of other disciplines. A series of specific methodologies and processes are explored in order to encourage a multidisciplinary approach. These processes spread throughout the design-studio duration as a continuous crossover of themes, exercises, workshops, references, case studies and discussions. The “Reality Check” exercise utilized within the future Tech design studio as an integrative pedagogical tool is discussed in this paper. The theoretical background of the thematics is discussed along with examples of work produced as part of the exercise. The exercise aims at redefining ways of innovatively conditioning space by integrating personalised insights from the disciplines of mechanical, environmental and structural engineering, construction and building services.

Abstract— The aim of the paper is to illustrate a series of pedagogical strategies utilised in the teaching of Architecture and concerns the integration of technology in the design process towards redefining ways of envisioning the future of Architecture. Via the agenda of a specific design studio laboratory, the quest for integration is tested and the boundaries of architecture and other technology-based disciplines are being challenged. The thematic of the future-tech studio poses “technology” as a lens to inspect the future of architecture, therefore it provides a fertile ground for reciprocally investigating the future of other disciplines. A series of specific methodologies and processes are explored in order to encourage a multidisciplinary approach. These processes spread throughout the design-studio duration as a continuous crossover of themes, exercises, workshops, references, case studies and discussions. The “Reality Check” exercise utilized within the future Tech design studio as an integrative pedagogical tool is discussed in this paper. The theoretical background of the thematics is discussed along with examples of work produced as part of the exercise. The exercise aims at redefining ways of innovatively conditioning space by integrating personalised insights from the disciplines of mechanical, environmental and structural engineering, construction and building services.

62 Story Istanbul Tower Office Project building (ITOP) possesses a parallelogram floor plan, with a reinforced concrete core wall and a composite peripheral column system and an outrigger system. It is designed according to the new Turkish building Earthquake Code (TBEC, 2019). In this study, the general characteristic of the structural system of ITOP will be explained briefly first. Then the seismic and wind design criteria and the basic assumptions made in the nonlinear modelling and analysis of ITOP is described, including ground motions for nonlinear time history analysis. Then the design criteria for seismic and wind actions and the analytical models prepared for different performance levels are explained. Finally, the results obtained for the Immediate Occupancy performance under 43-year earthquake and Life Safety performance level under the 2475-year earthquake are presented and discussed. Further, this building will be one of the first implementation on the design of tall buildings according to the new Turkish Earthquake Code with a chapter devoted to tall building design.

This paper explores the critical parameters for sustaining pedestrian movement in walkway development projects in Colombo. Three walkway development projects, namely Bellanwila walkway, Independence walk and Viharamahadevi Park were assessed for its walkability. Interviews, focus group discussions, cognitive mapping and observations were done to assess the walkability indicators. The study shows that qualitative factors such as comfortability, conviviality, freeness, sociability as indicators for promoting walking and walkability. Hence such qualitative indicators are to be promoted in the design of pedestrian infrastructural projects for encouraging walkability in cities. Most often such qualities are overlooked with a significant focus towards physical design characteristics. Planners, Urban designers and Architects must ensure that such qualitative factors are sustained when redevelopment of walkway infrastructure takes place in cities.

This study aims at highlighting a morphological property of urban CAS (complex adaptive systems), Permeability, by introducing a set of quantitative metrics for its definition. It defines a strategy for the analysis of urban permeability, reproducible on any urban context. Our approach is multidisciplinary and moves from the idea that the urban structure can be seen as a porous medium where buildings represent solid elements and open spaces represent the pores. The selected metrics include concepts like tortuosity and constrictivity, which are routinely employed in fluid mechanics to characterize mass transport through porous domains. We showcase the proposed methodological framework on three different types of urban structure for three cities. The results highlights and quantify morphological differences between urban areas developed in different historical periods. Results are arranged in diagrams to provide a new objective perception of urban permeability as a synergetic emergence between constituent parts of the urban fabric.

There exists a possibility of understanding architecture as an art of interior, for building interiors and urban/territorial interiors can be integrated as a single concept of interiority. This paper explores the theoretical spatiality of architecture. The first site investigates the work of architecture that produces the internal spaces for human life-world, and articulates them as closed spaces and open ones. The second site explores the meaning of architectural work and building for dwelling inside (building interiors) and inhabiting outside (urban/territorial interiors). The third site deals with the recognition of interiors by the senses and the sequential movements, for the internal spaces that architecture creates, are consists of the matter-forms and connected with each other. The last site gives an account of the spatiality of urban/territorial interior in which the specific value of architecture lies. Thus, architecture has a twofold form that contains the continuity of holding the spatial aspects between the inside and the outside. Theoretically discussing the interiority of architecture, the paper clarifies the possibility of integrating building interior and urban/territorial one, and thus understanding architecture as an art of interior which is to be a significant theoretical conception in the field of architecture and a spatial approach in the study of architecture.

The construction industry of Pakistan plays an important part in the national economy, regardless of the level of economic development. Unfortunately, the industry is infected with the corrupt and unethical practices which are the main hurdle towards the growth and effectiveness of the industry. Amongst different professionals within the construction industry, contractors are regarded as the most dominant figures violating the actual meaning of the word “ethics”. They have established their own way of practicing ethics that is by compromising with the material and quality of the project for their personal gain. This research has been undertaken with an aim to discover the most prevalent unethical practices amongst different consultants existing within the construction industry of Pakistan. The major findings of this research were bid rigging, bid shopping, bid Peddling, political influence, negligence, and change order game along with their interrelationship with each other and impact assessment on the unfair conduct and fraud committed using the regression model analysis indicating that ethics is being desecrated at every phase of the construction process, whether it be during bidding, execution, documentation or billing.

Cost effective and rapidly constructed lightweight panel based two storey houses with loadbearing walls for tropical climates In many countries, due to the shortage of land and due to the very high cost of land, it is becoming common to have individual houses on small plots of land where two or three storey construction is becoming popular due to the need to get sufficient interior space with a minimum foot print that will facilitate some garden space in small plots of lands like 150 to 200 square meters. Since multi-storey houses need structurally sound systems, it is common to find reinforced concrete frames with infill walls out of brickwork and block work in many countries with tropical climatic conditions since houses will not need specially arranged insulation systems. However, the rapid urbanization and the need for large number of houses has made many natural resource based building materials in short supply and also over exploitation of natural resources as building materials have led to significant environmental related problems. In order to mitigate this situation, the use of various waste material for houses by converting the waste to proper building materials have been explored in a well funded research programme. One such product that has been fully adopted is Expanded Poly-Styrene (EPS) based light weight panel where all the EPS used has been from recycling of already used EPS based packaging. This panel that has been originally used as a partition material has been successfully adopted as a loadbearing wall panel with the use of modified concrete mixes where fly-ash has been used as a cement replacement material while ensuring long term strength gain thus improving the overall factor of safety of the structure. This research paper describes the adoption of EPS based light weight wall panel of about 700 kg/m3 density for the construction of two storey houses with special features suitable to make it free running in tropical climatic conditions thus minimizing the carbon foot print and the life cycle costs. The structural configurations and strategies used to create a robust house that is resistant to cyclones and up to a moderate earthquake are also described along with the special roof insulation systems that can be used for the roof slabs with access to ensure regaining of the land lost for the foot print of the structure to ensure optimum use of the costly land that is fast getting beyond the means of many average income owners. Some details of a full scale load test carried out to validate the structural design philosophy also have been highlighted. Authors: Prof C. Jayasinghe, Prof M T R Jayasinghe, Eng. T. B. Eric, Eng. N. Wijebandara, H H H Hasalanka

Ultra-high-rise elevators are generally used in high-rise buildings, dams, underground passages, mountain and cliff sightseeing, etc., but they are seldom used in bridge engineering. Elevators attached to bridge towers are mainly for maintenance and construction. They are often attached to the inner walls of tower, and have little effect on the stress of the main structure. Elevators hanging on the outer walls of bridge towers are rare. Due to the particularity of the bridge structure, the tower will bear more bending moment under the state of serviceability. Therefore, compared with other elevators, the elevator attached to the bridge tower has different operating environment, which means that there will be greater deformation. In this paper, an elevator frame built on the outer side of a bridge tower is selected for comparative calculation. The interaction between elevator frame and bridge tower under the state of serviceability and the vibration modes, displacement and stress under earthquake action are analyzed. The elevator frame’s calculation of bridges should be different from that of super high-rise buildings.

Abstract - Behaviour Setting Theory is derived from work by the ecological psychologist Roger Barker in the late 1960s. Barker’s work connects behaviour and physical features. Barker’s theory was subsequently adopted and elaborated upon in relation to urban design by Jon Lang in Functionalism Revisited: Architectural Theory and Practice and the Behavioural Sciences (Lang 2006). Building upon Lang’s publication, in this paper the authors identify 120 behaviour settings in four waterfront settlements in Malaysia, and thereafter investigate the application of this material to improve connectivity and walkability in the public realm in the Royal Town of Klang. The 120 behavioural settings (the list is constantly being reviewed) are grouped roughly in order of three magnitudes of scale i.e. Large Behaviour Settings, Medium-size Behaviour Settings, and Small Behaviour Settings. Large behaviour settings encompass several medium-sized and small behaviour settings, while small behaviour settings typically nest within larger behaviour settings. The proposition is that combined together in the context of the Royal Town of Klang, the existing behaviour settings and proposed behaviour settings will form a network that will encourage walkability in the urban realm and ultimately rejuvenate the declining town A 6.5 ha (250m x 250m) location at the very heart of the Royal town is identified to test the viability of this methodology. The conclusion is that it is indeed viable when applied by a designer sensitive to the essence of a particular place. Consequently, the authors predict that the methodology can be applied in other declining waterfront settlements in Malaysia and beyond.

This research investigates how a responsive building skin that adapts to external environmental conditions can be improved to enhance building performance, thus leading to a decrease in overall building energy consumption. The design of the façade system draws inspiration from biological processes of plants that have evolved to respond to varying external conditions through their unique morphology, mechanism and physiology. A case study with a façade module that is bio-inspired by the mechanisms of the waterwheel plant (aldrovanda vesiculosa) was developed through BIM parametric modelling. Detailed study of several design iterations was made to this prototype by using energy simulation to assess building performance. The case study illustrates that the final design iteration leads to an overall decrease of 46.71% in annual energy consumption when compared to the initial base model. The case study demonstrates the potential in emulating biological processes of organisms to develop a responsive building skin, and the implementation of energy simulation for design optimization.

Audible communication is a necessary and vital tool in healthcare environments for patient comfort, care planning, and health literacy. Patients use speech to navigate through appointments and treatments and to seek answers concerning their illnesses. Doctors use it to quickly and accurately communicate with clinical staff. Nurses use it to interact with patients and for myriad other needs. In such speech-dependent settings, speech-application technologies, such as Amazon Echo, Apple’s Siri, Samsung’s Bixby, and Google Home, can provide significant benefits by improving efficiencies and streamlining communications within a major medical environment. This paper describes a proposal to investigate the adoption by hospital environments of speech-application technologies tailored to support healthcare-specific needs. Specifically, we will identify family and staff communication needs best suited for Automatic Speech Recognition, including ASR-device support as well as Natural language processing (NLP). NLP technologies are used for information extraction, automatic speech recognition, machine translation, and dialogue systems, with a focus on providing access and proximity to patients. Using aspects of these two languagelearning and application disciplines in the form of voice-controlled devices, we will implement and evaluate speech-recognition engagement in hospital settings.

In South East Asian cities, ‘kaki-lima’ or five-footway provides comfortable pedestrian walkways along the rows of commercial properties in many historical centres. In addition to affording climate comfort, they also provide a physical setting for many informal activities to take place along these passage ways. However, local authorities, in their attempt to rejuvenate urban neighbourhoods, often enforce the law and clear up everything along the pedestrian ways. As a consequence, this results in the displacement of all kinds of street activities that keep the five-footways alive. Some commentators even considered the five-footway not being a viable option for a pedestrian path. The five-footways in the historical centre of Klang demonstrate that in spite of the decline of the liveability of the Royal Town of Klang, the streets with five-footways in the Klang Historic Core are still bustling and alive. This paper aims to investigate the reasons behind this liveliness and eventually strengthen it further as a potential catalyst for the whole downtown rejuvenation. It is evident that one of the ways to create a lively neighbourhood is to create ‘sticky places’ in public space. The stationary activities along the five-footways of Jalan Tunku Kelana and Jalan Stesen in Klang were mapped and observed, then analysed using Roger Barker’s theory of Behaviour Settings. The findings show that the small architectural details of the spaces along the five-footway, such as different floor levels, different floor finishes, small recesses, plinths, and projecting columns are determinant factors in creating sticky places in the relatively small space of five-footways. Additionally, the stationary activities are strongly influenced by the tropical climate comfort and by the richness of the Malaysian culture. This paper concluded that the revitalization of the ‘kaki-lima’ could be one of the keys to the rejuvenation of Klang Historic Core.

Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) or drone applications has becoming more common, not only in military or commercial uses but also in the sustainable built environment sector over the last few years. However, drone applications are still at the very early adoption stage in the education sector. Since the surveying and construction industry’s understanding of the advantages and convenience from using drone keeps on growing, it is obvious that drone education should be integrated into the construction-related courses in a systematic way. There are merely a few studies focus on this aspect before. With the aim to nurture more professional construction talents and to maintain a sustainable built environment in future, it is believed that the new advanced technology of drone application copes with the trend of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) learning in Hong Kong tertiary education. The purpose and objectives are (1) to investigate current drone-using trends and practices in the surveying and construction industry and drone education in tertiary built environment curriculum in Hong Kong, (2) to what extent that students should be exposed to drone in an attempt to reflect construction industry’s needs, (3) to propose the best approach including the structure and skills of drone lessons in surveying programme and (4) to identify the educational benefits and challenges. During construction, drones are used to record the development progress and conditions in the sites. After the completion of the building project, drone is a useful tool in property valuation to provide the accurate information of height, view and orientation of specific units. Also, property managers have recently applied drone technology to enhance security level in large-scale house terrace and update their database. UAS with remote sensing gear can show the thermal patterns in the building envelop which contributes to 3D CAD models generation and automation building inspection in the building surveying field. It helps extend and sustain the building life. The level of skills and duration of practice that the students should acquire should be explored to meet the industry’s specific needs. The mode of study, whether it is separated as an independent course, integrated as part of the core modules such as building maintenance, property valuation and management or simply as an extra-curricular class for students to enroll, should be discussed. Moreover, the proportion of theory as well as applications contents of class is another issue. Resources to procure and repair drones in school, resources to train staff and teach students, learning venue, regulation, privacy and safety concerns are major drone educational difficulties. Literature review on the trend of using drone in the surveying, construction-related industry will be carried out. A qualitative approach is adopted in this research. Additionally, syllabi of surveying programmes will be reviewed by web search to compare the use of drone in teaching. Questionnaires will be distributed to experts and practitioners in the surveying and construction field to analyse the current applications of drone and to identify industry’s expectations and standards for skills of graduates. Opinions will also be collected to explore interested areas and concerns about learning drones during their study of current undergraduate students. Findings of the current drone applications and practices in the construction industry and the current drone learning status in surveying programmes will be reported in this study. The importance level of different standards or concerns will be prioritised. Positive results are expected from both experts and students towards drone learning. Incorporating drone usage into surveying and construction programme curriculum is desirable so that graduates are remained competitive and being work-ready in the job market. It directly reduces potential training expenses for employing companies. Nevertheless, the current training is apparently still not enough. To provide a higher quality education, institutions need to offer drone learning opportunities to equip students with advanced technological skills in these areas. Thereby, the curriculum of surveying and construction related courses should be modified or restructured to cope with change and industry’s technological improvement, contributing to a more sustainable built environment. The best approach discussed may be useful in other tertiary institutions with similar courses in Hong Kong. By identifying and tackling the challenges, recommendations will also be suggested for inserting drone learning into surveying and construction education in Hong Kong. Sufficient resources, administrative support and determination are the essential keys for success.

Accessibility is a highly researched component in urban areas. High accessibility makes a neighborhood physically live able, socially active and economically viable. It is also an indicator of sustainability factors including social equity, willingness to stay, etc. in neighborhoods. Although, this topic is highly researched, one of the issue with accessibility is the complexity in its measurement. The paper demonstrates a new and simple method of assessing accessibility. The basis of this method is complete spatial randomness (CSR). The output is in two forms: Statistical data on accessibility (Accessibility score) and spatial distribution maps. The statistical data allows assessment of accessibility of neighborhoods and spatial distribution maps demonstrate the accessibility status of neighborhood. These spatial distribution maps are easy to read by stakeholders involved in decision making. This can make the method popular and can be used as a decision-making tool at neighborhood level. The paper also tries to confirm the claim of a compact city to be more accessible. Although few indicators of accessibility are demonstrated in the paper, same method can be adopted for other indicators as future scope.

— The aim of this paper is to present the reader with the practices, the challenges and the benefits of the changing patterns in urban planning. There is a necessity to implement measures that focus on the population’s needs, and to merge the potential of urban planning and the townspeople’s memories in response to the phenomenon of the redevelopment of downtown. The opportunity of the insertion of municipal administrators, developers, designers and most importantly townspeople in the process, ensures the commitment to arising outcomes and enhances the potential of urban planning. Also, the process should have a restricted number of clear goals to avoid losing the space potential and the connections to the memories of the city’s residents. Redeveloping cities’ downtowns have been a critical issue to tackle as the need arises to revive and modernize the old parts of the cites, usually ending with the destruction of the history and the space memories in those parts leading to the loss of its connection with the city’s residents and erasing the spirit of the city piece by piece. One example of such approaches is observed on the reconstruction of Beirut, Lebanon Central District (BCD), starting from 1991 and the reconstruction of Al-Abdali which is one of the most strategic and old locations in the city of Amman, Jordan in 2004 For this reason, this paper is devoted to discuss information, which can form the basis for the urban development. And set theoretical ground rules for cooperation with the public and allowing for their participation in the urban development process.

India is currently known to have one of the largest urban population in the world with diverse societies and witnessed uncontrolled urbanization in recent past. The excessive growth of urbanization has caused undesired effects, where changes in urban land use are one of the growing concerns in the developing world. Nagpur city, Maharashtra, centrally located in India, has been taken up as a case area to understand variation in land use/ land cover through change detection using satellite imageries. The study area is Nagpur City wherein the urban peripheral areas with Nagpur Municipal Council areas are the focus of discussion in this chapter. The study aims at observing the urban changes with respect to variations in the land cover in the Nagpur city. Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite images were acquired during the period 2000 - 2013 as, 17th April 2000, 4th May 2006 and 5th April 2013 to retrieve the urban growth changes. Supervised area classification was performed using ENVI-5 software through GIS techniques and the changing urbanization pattern has been studied through urban growth change detection analysis. It was observed that there is a tremendous expansion of urban areas at the cost of agricultural land and open land. Also, there is a decrease in water bodies and vegetation percentage indicating unbalanced and unsustainable urban growth in Nagpur.

This paper explains the urban development in the context of religious waterfront along holy river Narmada using the example of Gwarighat, located in Jabalpur, in India. Jabalpur forms a huge Narmada basin along its southern edge and attracts more than a lakh visitors every year. The paper describes how waterfront spaces cause rapid development including land-use transformations and demographic changes leading to the infrastructure demands of visitors and emphasizes on impact of planning of religious waterfronts. For many years, these waterfronts have shaped and have been shaped by the urban growth and provided significance to cities as well as to the well-being, and quality of life for the residents. It is realized that the planning processes including the conventional master plan approach have been unsuccessful in effectively addressing to issues such as proliferation of unauthorized commercial establishments, lodges, and hotels; insufficient infrastructure; and environmental pollution that describe the urban sprawl in religious tourism destinations. The aim of this paper is to analyze the mechanism of city transformation, examine different interventions that shaped its morphology and promote a diverse and balanced waterfront, strengthening the existing neighborhood’s environment quality and revitalizing the city’s heritage.

The last few decades witnessed India’s rapid socio- economic growth on the positive side. But it also witnessed increasing urban populations and expanding urban areas, that have put pressure on existing urban green and open spaces. Current scenario clearly depicts that the environment is often being sacrificed to benefit urban development, resulting in a widespread loss which is of global concern. In this context, the study investigates the dynamics of green space system in a city by effectively analyzing their qualitative and quantitative aspects at hierarchical levels. The methodology involves assessment of existing green spaces by examining inputs and preferences from users, experts and design audits for an effective multi criteria analysis for the city of Hyderabad in India. The criteria considered are quantity, quality, accessibility and utility values of green spaces with multiple sub criteria. Furthermore, on this basis, proposals, management and policy recommendations are made to protect and enhance the functionality of existing green spaces while exploring the opportunity potential to make provisions for new ones. This approach was found to have practical significance and thus can serve as a useful tool for planners to assess the functioning of green spaces of a city and identify opportunities to protect and enhance deficit areas

Green and opened urban spaces are considered vital elements in urban planning for their beauty and economical value, as they do constitute the urban constructional escape [Figure- 1]. Vegetation constitutes as well an important factor of the natural life and the environmental balance. Cairo City has excess need of green spaces within the residential quarters [Figure- 2] and the lack of green spaces that could be used for such purposes. In addition to the fact that the existing few spaces did not have the desired impact on both environmental and social sides, which is clearly reflected by the existence of old valuable densely populated areas with rare green and opened urban spaces destined to carry out different recreational and social activities. In fact, the area surrounding Al Sayeda Zainab mosque in the heart of Cairo is a typical example of other similar areas in Cairo Research problem: In view of the absence of environmental spaces within the residential areas’ urban cluster and the lack and absence of resources to manage such areas, the problem consists of how to provide green opened spaces in populated quarters where residents can carry out their different life activities. This problem becomes more complicated when we deal with valuable populated areas. Research goals: The necessity of proposing a solution that builds a culture of green and opened urban spaces and shedding the light on the importance of orienting officers, concerned parties and users towards adopting methods that help in improving the urban situation. Methodology: Theoretical study:The research outlines the concepts related to green and opened urban spaces, the goals of building such spaces, the way they do meet the human needs and activities and their contribution into supporting the understanding of the life quality within the city. Field study:An architectural analysis of the study area. A questionnaire is carried out covering the area residents and spaces users of the area surrounding Al Sayeda Zainab mosque in order to identify the needs, the behaviour patterns, the activities and the reasons leading to accept or refuse an urban space.

During the late 1980s I presented myself as a “techno-evangelist” and now today teaching design studio online, in particular the final thesis project. This study and reflection is a review of the process and product of these projects now it its third year (see attached). With the advent of the smartphone, blockchain, bitcoin, the internet of things, augmented reality, 3D printing, real-time conferencing and artificial intelligence teaching architecture has changed and so have the students of architecture. Greenfield in his text Radical Technologies: The Design of Everyday Life who some liken to the work of Jane Jacobs repeats Winston Churchill’s famous dictate, “We shape our building and afterwards they shape us” But continues on “Now we make networks, and they shape us every bit as much as any building ever did, or could.” Some fellow architects question the online approach as noted in Peter Raisbeck’s Face to Face vs. Online Teaching: The destruction of culture in architectural schools, …” the ability to formulate architectural ideas, concepts, schema, systems, forms, compositions, theories and ways of knowing in practice is best taught through a vibrant educational culture. A culture which understands and puts face to face teaching first is central in this endeavor. In our universities and architecture schools architects will need to fight to preserve the integrity of their education systems and their canon against the onslaught of mindless managerialism disguised as “innovation.” Our student’s brains are being restructured via “technology” maybe sometimes not for the best. A report published in the journal Current Biology, notes that London Cabbies learning the mental atlas of London's spaghetti streets cause’s structural changes in the brain affects memory and creates a greater volume of nerve cells in the brain's hippocampus. With Google Maps and other directional apps a person’s hippocampus is smaller. The study investigates the current ramifications of not only online studio teaching but also the effect that these technologies have upon architectural pedagogy.

Over time, shifting towards a flexible urban policy tool leading to address hot climates and climate change consequences, and be evaluated in terms of efficiency and adequacy became a persistent need to mitigate the potential impact on the cities' eco-systems. Urban management policy and strategy have to be remodeled to incorporate urban tools, such as codes and ordinances, of adapting the current and the future built environment to climate conditions and potential change and to foster a sustainable built-environment development strategy in many cities where climate effects represent a concern. This work tackles the current lack of climatic adaptability tools in the current urban-management policies. The aim is to develop an adaptation model for an adaptive urban ordinance responds to climate conditions and change in hot, arid zones taking the city of Jeddah of Saudi Arabia as a city example. Methodology includes a) desktop analysis for Jeddah urban- environmental attributes using ENVI-MET, b) analysis of Jeddah current urban ordinance and building codes and correlation to urban thermal behavior using Remote Sensing Thermal Images (RSTI) Data intended to be used in the research project is extracted from: The climate change over Saudi Arabia at the end of the 21st century produced by using PRECIS software, a regional climate model system that can be run on a personal computer, developed by the Hadley Centre at the UK Met Office to produce high-resolution climate scenarios., and c) develop a simulation model for thermal-based urban design. This model is tested by both Space Syntax software (in terms of urban morphology and space making), and ENVI-MET application (in terms of thermal behavior). Results are compared to results extracted by Land Surface Photo Imaging of examples of urban forms and building codes

In the history of architectural profession the integration of knowledge and competence was well established and hence practiced in much appreciated way where the technical skills were passed from one generation to the next generation. Master architects had realized the importance of selection of building material and technology and thus well responded to spatial and climatic considerations. In the case of India, the architecture education system has been practiced in universities and design schools where the designed curriculum is not integrated and the subjects are imparted as independent skill sets, which results into non integration of the subjects and ultimately leads to a gap in developing an individual with wholesome knowledge of the profession. The curriculum has become obsolete because there has been no change in past twenty years as well as the architectural pedagogy has become stagnant and is not responding to the present market changes. Building Construction being an important subject complements function and form and helps to brings design into reality and thus is an inseparable part of the entire design process. This research paper focuses on finding new pedagogy in architecture education which can be applied to Indian context by critically analyzing the pedagogical models of pioneer universities imparting architecture education and also questions the position of construction technology and its association with design in architectural education which has adequate pedagogical approach and teaching policies for enhancement of technical knowledge. The outcome of the paper is expected to provide with suggestive pedagogy for architecture curriculum, relevant to Indian context.

Information flow in any construction project is often portrayed as adhoc, ill-structured, random and chaotic. There is no clarity on the path traveled by an information as it progresses through different phases of a project. The objective of the paper is primarily to capture and document the chaos that arises out of unnecessary quantum of data generated along the flow of the project progress. This documentation has been done under four broad heads, which are influenced by the four V’s of Big Data such as Volume, Velocity, Variety and Variability. The concept is then illustrated using a Residential Quarter of a Pipeline Irrigation Project and the outcome is verified with the experts for suggestions and feedback. Although, the objective may yield known results, an attempt has been made to document the fuzziness with the information flow.

Proximity is the main determinant for people in actively use of urban parks. Many studies have argued that facilities provision is a significant factor in drawing people. However, recent studies have highlighted adjacent neighborhoods as a crucial factor when considering park-based physical activity design. This study examined a correlation between these factors and the active use of six urban parks which are located in Chiang Mai city, Thailand. The aim is to produce supportive data for urban park design and planning for active uses. We investigated facilities provision through site survey, using Geographical Information System (GIS) to identify park characteristics and its size. While active use levels were examined through retrieved data on physical activity from the running application, to help understand which park is preferable for the users. The results reveal the distinguishing characteristics of six urban parks as a result of building use within its neighborhood boundaries, that may associate with availability for active users. To enhance healthy urban planning and policies, this study informs urban planners and park designers to inclusively consider the use of surrounding neighbors as well as its connectivity into park design strategies and urban planning.

A historic city with the deformed grid is one of the most extreme vulnerable to various type of disaster hazard.Labyrinth, narrowness combine with clusters of settlement is highly vulnerable in term of evacuation planning due to lost in orientation. These streets could easily be blocked by building rubble, vehicles, and congestion from evacuees. Evacuation route with obstruction has created the problem and decisive solution is needed. Thus, in this paper, the developed assessment of evacuation situation has been performed using agent-based simulation on an urban scale. Analysis of simulation demonstrated in different situations of obstruction. Vulnerable of obstruction measured by its total time, time to exit and accumulated number of evacuees, simultaneously. The result of research, the obstruction simulation revealed the vulnerable from the congestion of evacuee and overcapacity in evacuation places. Distinct evacuation increases from 682 seconds in no-obstruction to 2,638 seconds in the combined obstruction scenario. Afterward, the solution strategy scenario was simulated according to congestion location. The solution scenarios show performance with 970 seconds time of evacuation decreasing. An agent-based simulation shows geospatial-related of evacuation and able to create a viable solution for the historic city.

Cement production causes approximately 5% of the global annual carbon dioxide (Co2) emissions. The production of one ton of Portland cement leads to the emission of 1.1 tons of CO2, vapors, dust and other harmful gases. Recently, cement replacement by eco-friendly and sustainable concrete materials in building construction, such as Geopolymer Concrete (GPC), has been increasingly used. The GPC is a “new” construction material produced through the activation of fly ash in alkaline solution. Past research has focused on parametric studies and mechanical properties of normal and lightweight GPC and mortars. To overcome the brittleness with the low tensile strength of GPC, the present investigation focuses on the mechanical performance of steel-fiber reinforced GPC. The mechanical properties included compressive and splitting tensile strengths, flexural strength, and elastic modulus were examined using two hundred forty GPC samples. The steel fibers were added at different volume fraction ratios. A total of twelve (13) geopolymer concrete mixes were prepared with varying SH molar concentrations and fiber volume fractions. The experimental results showed that adding steel fiber results in superior improvement of the flexural strength.

Desire for sustainable transportation is on the rise. However, local governments have faced the challenges of limited data and ways to incorporate public inputs in strategic planning of sustainable transportation infrastructure. In recent years, qualitative GIS has emerged as an alternative sketch planning tool for strategic planning. Qualitative GIS can capture and store interview data, official documentations, photographs, and audio and video clips. It can also be used to analyze and visualize such data within a geographic context, and to engage the public in strategic planning. Compared to those sophisticated travel demand models and software packages, Qualitative GIS is flexible, easy to implement, and less costly. Despite the many advantages, qualitative GIS, along with many other sketch planning tools, is relatively new, not widely used, and inadequately documented. This paper presents a case study on strategic planning of cycling infrastructure in the City of Grand Prairie, Texas. It illustrates how local governments can engage the public in cycling planning through a public input process and qualitative GIS. Although qualitative GIS cannot replace the “hard-core” planning models and software packages, the approach is useful for local governments to meet their immediate needs for data and to promote sustainable transportation with limited resources and time.

This paper builds upon the work presented in two previous papers by the author that discusses the integration of graphic techniques in the teaching and learning of foundational structures in an architecture program. The first paper laid out the argument for the use of graphic operations and techniques in the introductory course on structures; the second paper reported on the initial pilot study that examined whether the incorporation of graphic techniques is able to contribute to the learning performance and experience. In that pilot study, the findings suggested that graphic techniques may have improved student performance. Furthermore, the study also reported that the alternative instruction model employing graphic, collaborative, and embodied learning techniques affected the students\' learning experiences positively. Designed with multimedia learning theory, collaborative learning, and embodied learning, this alternative model to the lecture-and-computation-drills format continues to evolve for the improvement of student motivation, engagement, and performance. The scope of this continuing research focuses on the topics of forces, equilibrium, and the analysis of external and internal forces in trusses. In this current study, a variation to the pilot quasi-experiment is employed. Whereas the first pilot study assigned one class to be the control and the other class to be the intervention, this iteration defines the control to be the computation-dominant “Method of Joints” and the intervention as the graphics-dominant “Maxwell Diagram”. Both classes (n1=32 & n2=29) are instructed with both methods of analysis. Using the midterm examination, the students’ learning is assessed using the test\'s major task of analyzing a truss for its reactions and its internal bar forces. Students in this research iteration exercise choice and select their preferred analysis method. Data from the modified quasi-experiment are evaluated for performance, variance, and efficiency in executing that major task. Responses from a post-test survey are also gathered to gauge the effectiveness of the class experienceas well as the appeal and engagement of the alternative instruction. These findings are further discussed in the paper.

To accommodate the traffic volume on existing highways due to increase in the population growth and to add additional traffic lanes, the widening of highways and motorways are high in demand. However, the widening, particularly the tunnel widening is quite complex due to numerous rock mass behaviour around the tunnel cavities and different modes such as symmetric and asymmetric. To overcome these complexities, various tunneling profiles and simulation-based approaches were carried. Among them, rock mass behaviour has a unique importance. Therefore, in this work, advance numerical technique has been carried out to analyze rock mass behaviour using different shapes of tunnel for symmetric and asymmetric widening. For this simulation, FLAC3D was used. It was observed that the asymmetric widening is more effective in different types of tunnel except the semi-circular tunnel both with and without invert, wherein, the symmetric widening provides better result for rock mass behaviour. In addition, the shotcrete contributes toward more stability for asymmetric tunnel widening, whereas, the rock bolts provide less contribution in difference of deformation during widening phenomenon. Through parametric study, it was observed that the three parameters; elastic modulus, horizontal to vertical stress ratio and over burden have also significant effect on the difference of deformation between two modes of symmetric and asymmetric widening of tunnel. It is also concluded with the lower value of elastic modulus, higher values of overburden and horizontal to vertical stress ratio leads to increase the difference. This study would open new avenues for understanding of different tunnel widening scenarios to increase the tunnel stability, safety and also viable economical solution.

The Linear Vegetation Structures of Cities issue is illustrated on the example of urbanization of Prague 6 (Czech Republic), where these structures were implemented as an integral part of the regulation plan of newly born Czechoslovak democracy in the first half of 20th century. Analyses of the Linear Vegetation Structures were carried out in selected areas of Prague's Dejvice and surrounding quarters of Bubeneč, Střešovice and Hanspaulka that best correspond to the original urban concept, generated by the Regulatory and Building Plan of the capital city of Prague in 1930, although it was not completely fulfilled or had been modified at a later date. The aim of this paper is to show whether and to what extent the existing elements of Linear Vegetation Structures, stemming from the almost one hundred year old concept of city regulation, have been preserved. Second aim is to find and prove, how they can be functional today, in regard to aesthetics and quality of living at present time, with a special interest in the significant ecosystem services of these natural elements and their structured systems. Therefore, a number of analyzes and measurements were carried out, the results of which are summarized and commented in this article, including relevant table, graph and GIS map scheme.

Living in the city, but living in the green, means combining the benefits of comfort and at the same time those arising from the presence of nature. In a situation in which cities are increasingly polluted - Turin is one of the Italian cities in which this problem is most felt - careful planning of the green-housing combination seems to be the most correct current answer and a challenge that many designers are facing by transforming the conventional penthouses of condominiums into urban villas

Sustainability as a concept expresses the creation of an environment that improves society’s culture of the community In order to cope with the technological development we witness nowadays, it is essential to spread awareness of the effects on environmental and to develop a sustainable architecture that fulfills the materialistic, psychological and spiritual needs. The research aims to illustrate how sustainability reflects the whole city and how to achieve the concept of lean six sigma in sustainability for developing urban and architecture. Lean six Sigma is a focused managerial approach that seeks to improve performance by eliminating waste and defects. The combination of the Lean and Six Sigma initiatives have proven to deliver significant results when applied by many manufacturing companies. This research also provides an approach for developing sustainable architecture and urbanism by applying lean six sigma managerial approach that seeks to improve performance by eliminating waste and defects. Using “DOWNTIME” as a Lean concept of management and, Design For Six Sigma (DFSS) as a businessmanagement process to determine customers needs provides an approach to reach the maximum improvement in sustainable architecture and urbanism. The research deals with : 1-Lean as a business methodology 2-Six sigma(quality program) 3-What is lean six sigma 4-Sustainable urbanism and architecture 5-Lean and lean six sigma for developing sustainable architecture and urbanism The study will be concluded with results and recommendations which fulfill the research's objectives.

Living walls are the promising green technology to improve energy efficiency and increase appealing the appearance of high-rise buildings. An experimental study was conducted to investigate thermal performance of living walls with twelve plant species in Thailand. It was found that the buildings with living wall systems had a lower average indoor temperature during the day than a bare wall building by about 1.11°C. The findings show that plants with medium-sized leaves had the best thermal performance as their air temperature reduction at the indoor space was the highest with an average of 0.34°C. Leaf area index was found to have a stronger correlation with the cooling ability of living walls than plant coverage.

Energy consumed in an urban area can be divided into embodied, operational, maintenance and transport energy. Embodied energy is a one-time energy incurred in the production of any goods or services. Operational, maintenance and transport energy are consumed on daily basis in various services like power supply, water supply, sewerage system, connectivity etc. Energy efficient urban planning is an attempt to reduce the use of non-renewable energy sources without sacrificing the quality of service. The focus areas addressed in an energy efficient plan can be one or more among the aforementioned types. This study is an assessment of various strategies adopted in energy efficiency plans by different cities to understand the sectors that each city is focusing and how. Case studies done on 25 cities reveals that most of the cities are addressing only the transport energy and the other types are left unattended. Furthermore the analysis helped in identifying the urban parameters which dictate the efficiency of usage for each type of energy. Embodied energy was found to be influenced most by the characteristics of built forms; operational and maintenance energy by the urban form and transport energy by the land use distribution. This study will facilitate planners and other stakeholders in deciding which parameters are to be assessed and how different sectors can be addressed when making an energy efficient city plan.

This paper aims to present effective insulation and ventilation measures to minimize the damage to poultry due to summer heat and save energy in poultry houses in the winter. Most of the cooling load in poultry houses is from heat gain due to ventilation and internal heat gain from birds. The recommended insulation for poultry houses is a 50 mm insulation roof panel with an attached radiant barrier and walls super-insulated with a 50 mm insulation panel, 400 mm of enclosed airspace, and a 50 mm autoclaved lightweight concrete panel. The average envelope U-value is calculated as 0.378 W/m2∙K. The possibility of temperature control of poultry house interior space through ventilation was also investigated. When the outdoor air temperature is over 20 ℃, the indoor air temperature of poultry houses can be limited to about 4~4.7 ℃ above the outdoor air temperature using high ventilation rates. When the outdoor air temperature is under 7 ℃, the indoor poultry house air temperature can be kept about 17 ℃ higher than the outdoor air temperature using low ventilation rates. When the outdoor air temperature is in the range of 9 to 19℃, the indoor air temperature of poultry houses can be kept near 24℃ by intermediate controlled ventilation rate.

Risk is the main attraction in construction because of time and cost over-runs associated with construction projects1. Bufaeid2 describes risk in relation to construction that variation results in uncertainty as to the final cost, quality of the project and duration as a variable in the process of a construction project. This study used descriptive survey method. It involved the use of semi-structured interview and survey questionnaires in gathering the needed responses to describe the extent of implementation of risk management process and degree of seriousness of the problem encountered obtained from construction companies accredited by Philippine Contractor Accreditation Board. Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: majority of the companies were complying and aware of always incorporating risk in every decision to be done; most of the companies had strong leaders were capable of responding wisely with alertness and has an established team with experience in risk. Thus, Philippine’s construction companies are capable for certification in International Standard Organization 31000:2009 - Risk Management Principles and Guidelines.

Research labs with specialized equipment and ventilation systems pose challenges in terms of efficient energy use and initial construction costs. Additionally, lab spaces have flexible and efficient layouts and should provide comfortable indoor research environments. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to understand the correlation between the facade of a building and its interior layout from case studies of energy-efficient research labs and to propose passive energy design strategies for the establishment of optimal research environments. The case studies in this analysis were selected from the American Institute of Architects Committee on the Environment Top-10 awarded projects and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified research lab projects. In this paper, the passive design strategies of building masses and orientations, exterior and interior shading devices used to minimize heating and cooling loads and window-to-wall ratios were analyzed. Additionally, the relationships of these strategies to the interior lab layouts, lab support spaces, offices, and circulation areas were examined. The following four points were drawn from the analysis of various cases. The interior layouts are based on high energy requirements of labs and low energy requirements of offices. The integrated designs use roof, corridor, and ceiling heights in economic and efficient ways. A balanced window-to-wall ratio and shading devices are necessary. Lastly, optimal building masses and orientations optimize the passive designs and can follow existing street and block patterns.

Abstract Increasing in the industrial construction activities depending on conventional materials of concrete can lead to increased construction cost as well as scarcity of construction materials. This research was conducted aiming investigation of the changes in the mechanical properties of concrete following incorporation of different percentages of ceramic powder as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement for compressive, split tensile strength and water absorption in comparison with conventional concrete. Experimental Results gained revealed that the concrete incorporated with low percent of ceramic powder exhibited significant elevation in compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, moreover lower water absorption at various ages compared to those of conventional concrete.

Previously in the usual method of analysis the buildings were mainly designed for gravity load and not as much of importance was given to seismic load analysis, under such situation the collapse of the building occurred when it was subjected to earthquake load. Nonlinear Pushover analysis performance based is the analysis which predicts the week points in the building. It shows the formation of hinges at various stages, which can be strengthened by providing lateral load resisting systems such as shear wall. In this case an existing 10 storey building is chosen which is designed only for gravity load. The 3D building is modeled using software Sap 2000 V19.2 software in severe seismic zone V as per standards IS 1893 (Part-1:2002) and ASCE41-13 and FEMA 440 standards is adopted for nonlinear analysis. Totally 8 models are analyzed by Equivalent Static analysis with fixed base. The structure is latter analyzed by Nonlinear Static pushover analysis and the results are thoroughly tabulated which indicate the week point in the building in the form of hinges. The week points are strengthened by introduction of Lateral load resisting systems (i.e. Shear wall). Further detailed investigation of nonlinear analysis indicates that the bare frame with lateral load resisting system shows better performance. The results are thoroughly analyzed for Base shear, Performance point and Hinge formation

In this study probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is carried out for Rasht province, a city located in IRAN, and assessment of probable Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and uniform hazard spectra (UHS) for two levels of hazard are presented. Achieving this goal, seismic catalogues of all historical instrumentally recorded earthquakes since 4th century BC up to 2018, in a radius of 200 km around Rasht city, has been gathered and processed for elimination of the aftershocks and foreshocks from main occurrences list and then the seismicity parameters have been obtained by Kijko [2000] method. In order to determine the PGA over bedrock, tree different attenuation relationships of Sadigh et al. [1997], Campbell and Bozorgnia [2008] and also Boore and Atkinson [2008] relationships have been used. This tree relationships have been combined by logic tree with weighted coefficients of 0.25, 0.35 and 0.4 respectively. Seismic hazard analysis is then carried out for Rasht city by using software R-Crisis V18.4.2 by Ordez (Instituto de Ingenierı ´a, UNAM, Mexico, 2018). R-Crisis offers many advantages at different stages of PSHA. Furthermore, based on spectral Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs), Uniform Hazard Spectra (UHS) and horizontal spectral accelerations maps were provided for 2% and

one of the important issues of construction industry today, is providing a meaningful interconnectivity between Architecture and its technical and technological aspects. In construction projects aesthetic and form is habitually crucial for the architect while structural designers aim for efficiency and stability of the structure. This research is concerned with the design of an urban footbridge located in Tehran-Iran with social and cultural spaces in which the form of the bridge is obtained by the use of topology optimization process. The objective of this study is to investigate the utilization of topology optimization process in architecture in order to achieve a beneficial design framework for both architectural and structural engineers. As first step, site analysis, connectivity and access diagrams and physical planning of the project is presented to provide the planar schematization of the project, along with a brief review associated with application of topology optimization process and its applications in architecture. Further on, primary planar design of the bridge is introduced as input to a general purpose Finite Element Analysis software, subject to stress analysis for various combinations of boundary conditions such as bridge supports and loading regions. Structural form-finding algorithm is then used to obtain the 3-dimentional structurally optimized chassis of the bridge. Algorithms used in this research are based on Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO) with objective functions to either minimization of volume and consequently weight of the structure while maximization its stiffness. Following several variations and comparison of altering forms and with regard to architectural requirements of the project, the more appropriate forms were chosen. In addition to architectural and structural efficiency, these forms are optimized with respect to both structural volume and consumable material to have the maximum stiffness. As topology optimization method is a solution for form development based on structural efficiency, an effective relation could be built between structure and architecture. In recent years, this method is introduced to the field of architecture and possesses capacities for more development in the close future. Furthermore, this paper describes the design steps of an architectural space through topology optimization method to whom interested in this field of study. And by investigating the effect of different approaches of E SO algorithms and varying input parameters better understanding of topology optimization processes is achievable for those interested in implementing these techniques within their schematic architectural design process.

The existing stock of social housing projects and their housing models in UAE were developed based on conventional functional design theories that initiated various environmental, social, and economic sustainability-related problems. Now, there is a call for applying a set of sustainability measures and guidelines in social housing projects. Actually, the concept of environmental ‘sustainability’ has been the focus for a great deal of work. But more recently the social dimensions of sustainability have been addressed as an additional and interrelated concern. So, in order to develop the design of social housing models in a more socio-culturally sustainable manner, an inclusive and participatory decision-making process should be adopted through which local Emirati residents could be genuinely involved. In this research, the conventional vs Virtual Reality participatory tools were investigated on one of the commonly developed social housing model in Dubai. Utilizing both methods comparatively, a sample of residents were asked about their satisfaction with the areas of the functional spaces of this house model. The VR tool proved to be more effective but have been also associated with various practicality problems.

This paper presents the urban changes and development of a desert land by introducing a navigational water body through utilizing the existing creek canal and extending the water body to cultivate the surrounding areas. Also it demonstrates the changes of the urban surrounding and designing a unique master plan with new public spaces, parks, mixed-use developments and other urban spaces that supports this new master plan. The Business Bay development is a business district master plan built on both sides of the new creek extension water canal. The overall master plan is a long-term project and at completion will comprise of approx. 240 skyscrapers both residential and commercial located in an area where Dubai Creek has been dredged and extended. Part II of this paper will cover the construction methodology and management challenges of the creek extension water canal .The creek extension works has commenced in 2005 with a plan to extend the existing water canal 13km of water body from the existing creek to the Arabian Gulf which and will add new waterfront developments overlooking the new creek which will increase the value of land and supports the real estate market

Very few studies have systematically examined the determinants of personal pro-environmental behaviors and public pro-environmental behaviors simultaneously, and empirical results are mixed. This study develops a multidimensional analytical framework for predicting pro-environmental behaviors that incorporates demographic, socioeconomic, political, and attitudinal variables. Using the latest available data from General Social Survey 2010, we have tested the determinants of both personal and public pro-environmental behaviors via factor analysis and regression analysis. The results reveal that environmental concern, education, urban/rural residency, and race demonstrate similar impacts on both personal and public pro-environmental behaviors, but gender, age, region, religion, income, political orientation, and party affiliation have differential effects on personal and public pro-environmental behaviors. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Design instructors are responsible for providing beginning students with a method to engage in the design process. Every design student needs a curriculum program guided by a step-by-step progression that builds their respect for analysis, design methodology, rigor and self-confidence. In this studio, “reading and writing to think” are the tools of exploration, employed as a pedagogical strategy where students build a strong design connection between literature and context and vice versa. This process allows students to explore themselves and their inner thoughts resulting in the unexpected, with the results of this study measured by compiling data gathered through surveillance of instructional events, instructor discussions, and assessments of content knowledge assessment; with the objective to show that “reading and writing to think” is crucial for the success of the first-year architecture student.

Urban open spaces are considered as active nodes in any urban fabric. In dealing with the urban physicality, it can be deeply noticed that it is affected by non-physical agents. Light is one these intangible factors, that affect the open spaces’ system by controlling the plants' behavior. Accordingly, as nature is perfectly working, simulating the sensory mechanism of plants into open spaces formation can provide a new understanding of these urban open spaces as light reflectors; an infrastructure for an intangible agent, that can highly contribute in defining the space use according to the plants behavior. This paper focuses on the ability of understanding open spaces not only as photo-receptors but photo-reflectors as well, through an analytical study for the plants’ sensory mechanisms, aiming at re-introducing light as a contributing agent in defining the plants behavior in respect to the open spaces uses and infrastructure.

This paper focuses on the concept of architectural context by cultural and disciplinary nature. The research will have a theoretical and cultural part on one hand and an instructive and operative part on the other. The transition from the industrial society to the information society has brought profound changes, even for what concerns the architecture and the way of operating of the architects. The context could be interpreted in three different meanings, the first meaning is used through the concept of place where the focus is on a specific morphology of the site, and the second meaning is the case of the social, historical and cultural context that influences a condition of operating in a specific area. The third is the combination of both and is formed and deformed by the architecture. This reflection of the context in its multiple meanings and interpretations gives structure to the decision making at the early stage of the project, the moments of conceptual research from which will flow throughout the design approach and then allows the creative stage of the project to occur. The research deepens the compositional aspects of some projects developed and built by pioneering architects during the last century that have significant attention of the relation with the context. By analyzing these significant architectures, it is possible to understand the links between these various projects and therefore developing a schematic graphic clarifying the examined aspects. At the time of their creation, these methods and strategies of architecture have provoked many reactions, positive and / or negative, but mostly exciting.

Incidence of liquefaction can cause severe damage to the structural in terms of settlement and bearing capacity failure during earthquake. This type of failure generally occurs in saturated loose sand deposits beneath the foundation of structure. The present paper describes the response of shallow foundation resting on liquefiable soil during earthquake motion. The numerical evaluation of response is based on coupled dynamic equations. These equations are transformed in finite element equations using variational approach. The numerical model based on finite element method (FEM) is validated by simulation of a centrifuge experiment results. The liquefaction induced settlement and excess pore pressure (EPP) is evaluated simultaneously as the earthquake load proceeds. Just below the footing, maximum displacement of 9.58 cm and 8.26 cm is observed in horizontal direction and vertical direction respectively. This shows that the disturbance in horizontal direction is high as compared to the vertical direction. Also, liquefaction is observed at shallow depth.

This thesis takes the modern bank buildings in Tianjin as the object of study, extensively links with the historical background of their development. It focuses on exploring the uniqueness of their own development in the whole history of modern architecture development, rather than confusing it with the overall development of modern architecture. By case studies of a large number of banks in Tianjin area, this thesis starts with the development of modern city, modern banking industry and the source of bank assets in Tianjin. It also probes into the dynamic development trend of modern bank buildings in Tianjin area in the initial stage, prosperity period, continuation period and withering period. Then the thesis discusses the distribution area, spatial characteristics, bank construction of modern bank buildings, architectural style and architects in Tianjin.The similarities and differences of modern bank buildings in Tianjin and modern architecture in China are discussed one by one. The unique rules of their development are highlighted. Finally, the protection and development of modern bank buildings in Tianjin are summarized and discussed as a whole.

Municipals across the country have debated about the safety effect of red light cameras (RLCs) and the political and financial implications. Empirical evidence remains mixed. This study contributes to the debates using data in the City of Arlington, Texas, and the Negative Binomial Regression Model. The results suggest that while on average, the increase in number of crashes is higher in RLC deactivated intersections than those in the nearby and other none-RLC intersections, the differences are not statistically significant. Decisions on RLC enforcement would be better informed on a case-by-case basis.

National highways are considered as a degree of development of the country. It is observed that more than 14 people die per hour in road accidents all over the world. Central government and state government spends millions of rupees for the construction of highways It is seen that even the world class highways and roads witness a large number of accidents on daily basis hence it is equally important to maintain the highway according to the standards that are set. Road safety audit is simple procedure for assessment the accidents which helps to find the accidents prone are on a particular road. In India, Maharashtra state, Pune - Solapur highway witnessed large number of accidents in operation and maintenance phase. While designing and planning of Pune - Solapur highway the vision may be to construct accident free highway and normal causes of accidents were properly taken into consideration. In present study the data of accidents on Pune Solapur highway has been collected. The various parameters responsible for accidents are categorized as accident location, nature of accidents, classification of accidents, causes of accidents and others. This study used entropy and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) analysis to determine weights and rankings of 18 safety influencing factors based on the judgments and perceptions of respondents. Results obtained by TOPSIS analysis are then validated with the study conducted by NHAI. Suggestions and recommendations for improving conditions of NH-65 are then proposed by this study.

Climate change is been the most concerned topics to be discussed and been affecting global as well as Indian economy. The study is regarding the Urban Transportation sector which is one of the main drivers for the global Green House Gas (GHG) emissions around 22%. As a developing nation India is subject to mass mobilization with an increasing urbanization resulting for more private vehicle ownership in Indian Metropolitan Cities. The paper summarises the development and mitigation of different policies where adaptation strategies can be developed and implemented. The objective of the paper is to identify the scope and different approaches to mitigate with the arising GHG emissions leading to Climate change, also to deliver a well based approach to reduce the risks and deliver multiple economic and social benefits.

Prioritisation of pavement sections in a road network is an important aspect of decision making in an efficient Pavement Management System (PMS). Prioritisation is done either empirically based on single condition parameter or subjectively based on decision maker’s experience which results in discrepancies as there always exists a difference of opinion among the different members of committee making decisions. A methodology for prioritisation has been suggested in this paper using one of the MCDM techniques i.e. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). TOPSIS approaches a problem based on condition data and provides relative priority ranks of the sections considered in a dataset. TOPSIS results in the ranking list of candidate sections based on their Relative Closeness (C*) to ideal solutions. Further the results of priority rankings are compared with the corresponding rankings obtained from a subjective method i.e. Road Condition Index (RCI). Strong positive association was observed between the two methods, but TOPSIS being an objective method and having ease of applicability was found to be more suitable for prioritisation purpose of roads in a network for Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R).

The single most important seismic performance decision an architect can make is the location of the seismic bracing. Placing it on the exterior envelope is preferred from an engineering point of view because this location creates the greatest separation between parallel frames and reduces rotation of the floor slabs, vastly improving the seismic performance of the building. The problem with this location, from an architect’s point of view, is that seismic bracing systems’ come in the limited form of X’s or V’s and shear walls are solid, or mostly solid, blocking light to the building’s interior. Furthermore, the standard concentric X brace or chevron brace offer little architectural possibility as their design is mandated by strict adherence to building codes which rely on approved steel elements such as Hollow Steel Sections or Wide Flanges and their geometries have become common place. This paper discusses the untapped architectural potential of an eccentric braced frame from a theoretical perspective, then it examines a built case-study and finally surveys the work of architecture students at the University of California, Berkeley who designed bracing systems based on the concepts presented in this paper.

The research and paper at hand deals with a semi urban, originally nomad community settled by a governmental decree in a new small town in Al-Husseiniyah, Ma`an, South of Jordan. Integrating that community in urban life came as a solution intended to prevent them from engaging in trafficking activities. Al-Husseiniyah was named after the late king Al-Hussein planned and was implemented (in the Sothern Jordanian Desert on the main desert road) ironically in a garden city-type concept. This well-articulated master plan endowed with spacious facilities, services, resources and infrastructure, undoubtedly raised the standard of living of that community which is conventionally associated with a better quality of life. Nonetheless, research statistics and surveys implemented by University of Jordan Community Development Team (UJCDT) suggest the contrary; raising the standard of living of the Nomads didn’t influence or change their quality of life. A conventional survey synchronized with service campaigns in health, education, urban-life and building maintenance followed by data management, ascertained that reasonable and progressive development in types and quantities of services did not improve or change the quality of life of Al-Husseiniyah’s community. Statistics indicated wide spread complaints and unsatisfactory attitudes towards Al-Husseiniyah’s standards of living. Conventional surveys stop short from giving answers or providing solutions for people who are looking or searching for quality of life whether in the daily urban practices or in the long extended environmental experience. Reaching such blunt conclusion came as a direct result or conclusion of the conventional method of survey, where it only covers the search for the provided and available needs and services. It does not include or provide ways of covering and measuring the qualitative measures that include complementary resources that induce safety, security and hazards or facilities that would cherish esteems and belonging. The search here intended to present a real-time walkthrough model where all three levels of urbanity: services, resources and facilities, travel in accordance with the human needs, safety and belonging. While measuring the quantitative standards of living, this model evaluates the values of the quality of life of any community as well.

Every year new materials are tested, maintained, and approved by the American Society of Testing Materials for future use in construction applications. With new materials entering the industry marketplace; this allows both contractors and facility maintenance personnel to introduce new materials as an alternative to materials generally used as a predecessor. Most of the conventional piping materials, such as PVC, CPVC, copper, galvanized, brass, and concrete pipe have been used and are still regularly used in today’s construction industry depending on the application. Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX) Piping is a high pressure flexible plastic pipe with over 40 years of successful use in the European marketplace. It was first introduced in North America in the early 1980s and is widely used for plumbing, water service, fire protection, hydronic heating and cooling, snow and ice melting and ground source geothermal piping systems. This research study explored the advantages of PEX Piping and its application to the evolving construction industry. This research study also identified the primary reasons for utilizing PEX Piping and factors that drive sustainability both from a constructability perspective along with facility maintenance in the future years.

This study aims at identifying the contributors to delays in construction projects in the UAE. For that, a structured questionnaire survey was distributed to expert engineers in the UAE construction industry. In total, 116 factors were identified through a literature review. The findings indicated that the top delay factors are as follows: changes of orders, delays in decision-making and approval by clients, contractors’ financing difficulties, poor site management and supervision by contractors, poor control of project progress. These findings can support the construction industry by improving the regulations to meet market needs; guiding owners in decision making and reducing change order requests; assisting contractors in planning; managing project and taking risks (internally or externally) when estimating and planning; and helping consultants to apply project management techniques during construction and to allow enough time to design and prepare the construction documents.

Most of the variable shading devices are installed outdoors, so they are greatly affected by structural safety due to external climate change, wind, rain, and snow. Especially, due to strong wind such as typhoons, safety problems may occur due to the dropout of the device. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the wind pressure of shading device to evaluate the structural safety of the movable shading device. In this study, we analyze the wind pressure applied to the shading material according to the change of the length of the variable shading device, and apply it to the calculation of the wind load for the structural design of the variable shading device. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) analysis is used to analyze wind pressure magnitude and distribution. From the above results, it should be recognized that the higher wind pressure acts on the edge than the center part of the building and the higher wind pressure acts in the higher stories than the lower stories. Especially, it should be considering the negative pressure pulling the awning membrane outward in the shading system design

This paper presents the urban changes and development of a desert land by introducing a navigational water body through utilizing the existing creek canal and extending the water body to cultivate the surrounding areas. Also it demonstrates the changes of the urban surrounding and designing a unique master plan with new public spaces, parks, mixed-use developments and other urban spaces that supports this new master plan. The Business Bay development is a business district master plan built on both sides of the new creek extension water canal. The overall master plan is a long-term project and at completion will comprise of approx. 240 skyscrapers both residential and commercial located in an area where Dubai Creek has been dredged and extended. Part II of this paper will cover the construction methodology and management challenges of the creek extension water canal .The creek extension works has commenced in 2005 with a plan to extend the existing water canal 13km of water body from the existing creek to the Arabian Gulf which and will add new waterfront developments overlooking the new creek which will increase the value of land and supports the real estate market

The main purpose of this paper is to establish a speed related ride quality threshold by using the relationship of a jolt to the International Roughness Index (IRI). Jolt is felt when a driver suddenly changes its acceleration at a specific amount of time Meanwhile, roughness serves as the frictional force as the consequence of jolt created. The experimental research method was used for calculating the jolt at the different speed in kilometers (km) ranges from 10 to 50, with an increment of 10. A total of six (6) road segments were selected and tested each for different speed using kinematic equation. For every road segment, three trials were performed to obtain the accuracy of data. As a result, using the values of jolt that was computed from the experiment, regression analysis was conducted to identify the subjective relationship of ride quality at the different speed with IRI. From the analysis of the experiment, the relationship between Jolt and IRI is proved. Furthermore, the suggested IRI values were developed and the criteria were established. Moreover, it was rated accordingly to the acceptable range value of the said standard. Additionally, the descriptive ride quality rating was remodified from the local conditions. The researchers recommend the addition of pavement’s age and specifications for the better improvement of the ride quality of roads. Also, suggest to use a higher vehicle speed on a certain road segment as well as further extensive variation of speed limits in the urban area should consider for the ride quality aspect.

This paper analyzes the plan composition of high-rise residential buildings in Taiwan and examines the design of typical units in terms of openness and full life cycle design. Reorganize the functions of the housing plan in a modular way. Modular gives great advantage in reorganize at the same time achieve flexibility and openness and easier to adapt to changes in demand.

In the voluminous scholarship produced since 1977--the centenary of Brunelleschi’s death--along with recent demonstrations of how his dome was built, the question what were his sources of knowledge remained unanswered. In their efforts to understand those sources, scholars have traditionally looked only where large-scale domes were to be found, thus overlooking the immense knowledge of statics stored in the Gothic Cathedrals. The reason is simple, if shortsighted: there are no domes on Gothic Cathedrals. My paper proposes a different approach: rather than searching for domical forms, to look instead at Brunelleschi’s design process and constructive methodology. The library of the Amiens cathedral--an intellectual center of international repute since the 12th century—included a 13th century codex compiling all knowledge of statics the Gothic engineers used to build their cathedrals, a knowledge based on Constructive Geometry. Significantly, a copy of that manuscript was found after Brunelleschi’s death in the Badia Fiorentina where he once worked. No one in Florence would have the use of such document but Brunelleschi. Unaware of this manuscript, Di Pasquale has shown conclusively that to build the Dome without scaffolding, a thorough understanding of Constructive Geometry was essential. Such Geometry was unknown in Quatrocento Italy. According to Sanpaolesi, Brunelleschi’s presence at Milan’s Cathedral building site can be demonstrated. Howard Burns buttresses this claim by showing that Lombardy and the Veneto left visible traces in Brunelleschi’s work. In Milan, Brunelleschi necessarily came in contact with numerous invited French Gothic consultants (Jean de Mignot; Bonaventure…), thus witnessing the immense knowledge of statics they commanded. He did not come back to Florence for ten years. In addition to the manuscript, my paper shows striking formal and spatial features that connect Brunelleschi’s Santo Spirito to the Cathedral of Amiens.

When a heritage building can no longer function, a new function must be proposed to preserve that building. Of all several colonial buildings that have been changed, the space adjustments made to the existing conditions of those buildings have not paid attention to the tenants condition and comfort. The application of adaptive reuse in Surabaya is mainly carried out in colonial buildings, one of which is the Library of Bank Indonesia. Indoor Health and Comfort (IHC ) as one of the Greenship Interior Space criteria is used to assess the condition of the building of Library of Bank Indonesia since it is related to the health and comfort’s health of tenant. The use of Greenship Interior Space as criteria for assessing building condition is especially useful for design sustainability in reducing energy and saving resources.The criteria of Indoor Health and Comfort (IHC) of Greenship Interior Space which are used as observation for the Library of Bank Indonesia consist of No Smoking Campaign (IHC P), Outdoor Air Introduction (IHC 1), CO2 Monitoring (IHC 2), Chemical Pollutant (IHC 3), Indoor Pollutant Source Control (IHC 4), Biological Pollutant (IHC 5), Visual Comfort (IHC 6), Outside View and Daylight (IHC 7), Thermal Comfort (IHC 8), Acoustic Level (IHC 9), Interior Plants (IHC 10), Pest Management (IHC 11), and Room Occupant Survey (IHC 12). Of all 31 points as the total points of IHC values,, the Library of Bank Indonesia has got 9 points. Adaptive reused buildings is one way of sustainable development on an urban scale, especially in extending the life of buildings, reducing waste from building destruction, saving energy and providing socio-economic benefits to the community.

Slum rehabilitation housing in Mumbai is as a very popular affordable housing type for low-income people in India. With rapid urbanization people who were living in slums have been rehabilitated in this housing typology mainly in the suburb. However, the design of rehabilitation housing lacks ventilation and natural lighting which affects residents’ satisfaction. In addition to this majority of the residents in this housing have modified their houses while some of the original dwellers have either rented or sold them. Thus, the aim of the paper is to appraise the residential satisfaction in one slum rehabilitation housing colony near a railway station in Mumbai. Computer-assisted personal interviews were conducted to collect data from 242 households. The questionnaire consist of three sections: socio-demographic profile, previous housing and residents’ perception on the level of satisfaction with five housing components of slum rehabilitation housing on a five point Likert scale. The findings show that a majority of the residents are slightly satisfied with the housing. A step-wise multiple regression analysis indicates that residential satisfaction may be enhanced by improvement of three housing design elements and five neighbourhood elements.

In recent times the role of Architects have become pivotal with multiple agencies getting associated with building projects which are getting complex with technological advancements and services complexities in designs. It’s the concept evolved from Architect’s thought process that need to be dovetailed into elements fulfilling the functionality of the physical envelope for its intended use. The inter-linkages amongst these elements become key success factors for the overall project. Thus the successful implementation of the project depends on various disciplines associated with it in order to fulfil the concept visualized. There are various approaches adopted for successful implementation of project and ensuring end user satisfaction. This paper attempts to map architectural design process to project lifecycle elements to evolve generic processes framework to linking both.

A heritage building that being adaptively reused has some concerns regarding indoor health and comfort. They are prone to cause discomfort to the occupants. The assessment based on GBCI rating tools of Indoor Health and Comfort gives the existing building (Perpustakaan Bank Indonesia) 10 credits. 1 credit for outdoor air introduction, 6 credits for chemical pollutant, 1 credit for outside view, and 1 credit for thermal comfort. This research aims to propose proper strategies, to make the building has better condition of indoor health and comfort, which represent by higher credits from GBCI rating tools. Strategies are observed, simulated, and manually calculated, to enhance indoor health and comfort as well as giving the building more credits. No-smoking campaign should be applied as prequisite criteria of indoor health and comfort. CO2 sensors are placed in computer room and kids reading area, which gives the building additional 1 credit. Maintenance and treatment for ducting system are proposed to give the building 1 more credit. Other 2 credits come from the planning of artificial lighting and individual switching system. 78% transmittance glass is proposed to enhance illuminance level, which leads the building to get another 1 credit. Standing AC unit gives higher control to the occupants in every different rooms, and this strategy gives the building another 1 credit. Treatment for noise level using green wall fence gives the building 1 credit. Interior plants (2 credits) and pest management (1 credit) are the last two strategies proposed to enhance indoor health and comfort. Those strategies give the building another 10 credits, which lead them to achieve 19 credits from 28 total credits available in the rating tools.

This study focused on land use analysis of urban facilities delivery in Akure municipal. It examined the condition of existing facilities in terms of availability, functionality and adequacy. The study adopts Survey Research Design (SRD) to gather its data through structured questionnaire on sampled households. It also made use of interview, personal observation and photo-snaps to describe the existing situation. Average households in Akure municipal were estimated at 95,232 out of which a sample of 1% (952) was systematically selected being a homogeneous community. Findings show irregular pattern of land uses occasioned by unguided expansion in the growth of the city. This reflects in location of facilities provided in the area. Regular massive flow of influx into the city due to unguided sprawl has serious impact on efficiency of existing facilities. To mitigate this, the study suggests regular increase in the provision of facility within the city and surrounding localities while existing ones require regular revamping. As the city expands, so the facilities are to be replicated and adequately maintained for maximum utilization.

Vernacular measures such as Courtyard, Wind Catcher “Malqaf”, Wooden Lattice “Mashrabia”, and Lantern started to be abandoned in Jeddah (one of the biggest cities in Saudi Arabia). But, wind pressure and stack effects is becoming more popular in modern buildings design and primary method in most domestic buildings to achieve the desired cross ventilation. This paper is the third and final part of a research project aimed at devising guidelines to utilize the Wind Catcher “Malqaf” in Jeddah’s new residential buildings. The previous two parts (Mohamed and Mohammed 2018, Mohamed and Nayer 2019) looked into the environmental performance of the wind catcher and the reasons behind the negligence of wind catcher use, in contemporary residential buildings, in the city of Jeddah. During the first stage, the research revealed that buildings in Jeddah are not using the wind catcher technique and even those with built-in wind catchers stopped employing it such as Nasief, and Noor Wali houses in the old city “Al-Balad”. In the second stage, the research confirmed a good potential to implement the wind catcher in the new contemporary residential design in Jeddah through observation for the new contemporary residential buildings and through a subjective survey. In the third stage, the research tries to devise some important design guidelines to assure the successful use of the wind catcher. Context analysis, numerical simulations and field measurements are performed in order to investigate the effect of the wind catcher design on the airflow inside the buildings. This research opens the door for future technical research to investigate the appropriateness of such passive measures in Jeddah and also to investigate in more depth the buildability of the wind catcher and the possible treatments that could be added to overcome all the obstacles that facing the implementation of this passive technique.

Design-build course is a course in the School of Architecture, Tsinghua University from 2012. It tries to train all the students of first year to make a real design based a real need and build it in real scale in two weeks. As to build is a kind of manufacture on site, so we choose the training center of industry of the university as a cooperative partner to make a interdisciplinary teaching course to promote the skill of design-build.

This paper focuses on the concept of architectural context by cultural and disciplinary nature. The research will have a theoretical and cultural part and an instructive and operative part. The transition from the industrial society to the information society has brought profound changes, even for what concerns the architecture and the way of operating of the architects. The context could be interpreted in three different meanings, the first meaning is used through the concept of place where the focus is on the specific morphology of the site, and the second meaning is the case of the social, historical and cultural context that influences a condition of operating in a specific area. The third is the combination of both and is formed and deformed by the architecture. This reflection of the context in its multiple meanings and interpretations gives structure to the decision making at the early stage of the project, the moments of conceptual research from which will flow throughout the design approach and then allows the creative stage of the project to occur. The research deepens the compositional aspects of some projects developed and built by pioneering architects during the last century that have significant attention of the relation with the context. By redesigning the architectures of these architects, it is possible to understand the links between these various projects and therefore developing a schematic graphic clarifying the examined aspects. At the time of their creation, these methods and strategies of architecture have provoked many reactions, positive and / or negative, but mostly exciting.

The current study done is based on the geotechnical study of lateritic soil samples collected from eight different places in and around Udupi district located in Karnataka state(India). The aim of the study is to know the effect of these laterite soil properties on the foundation cost of high-rise buildings and to prepare a Risk Information Model which will denote the risk involved in the construction in the places covered in the Zonal Map. A technically efficient tool for forming the risk matrix is applied here along with the help of five points Likert scale. All the required geotechnical tests including specific gravity, Atterberg limits, sieve analysis, standard Proctor test, and unconfined compression tests. These tests were conducted in the laboratory and based on the safe bearing capacity (SBC) of collected soil samples, grading is done listing the soil profiles as weak, good and vulnerable for the purpose of construction.

It is well known that there is a need to develop our solving computational problems which can reduce our means of access to finding the shorter path through the crowded building. This issue is addressed in this article using the

The urban village is an organic part of the city. In contrast to the monotonous urban public space, the urban village public space presents a vivid scene. In this context, it is particularly necessary to study the urban village public space. This paper selects Nantou ancient town in Shenzhen as the research object. Through the investigation and study of the public space of Nantou ancient town, this paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the public space, trying to provide beneficial guidance and reference for the optimization of the public space of urban village.

In a major study of states and selected 24 cities, the study utilizes six [6] data bases tracing a 24-variable economic performance of places that rely on a comprehensive array of supply-side economic incentives compared to demand-side strategies that prove a feast for urban planners. Defining the demand-side approach are cities that place an emphasis on entrepreneurial support opportunities, great place-making, and affordability. Whereas the

In a major study of states and selected 24 cities, the study utilizes six [6] data bases tracing a 24-variable economic performance of places that rely on a comprehensive array of supply-side economic incentives compared to demand-side strategies that prove a feast for urban planners. Defining the demand-side approach are cities that place an emphasis on entrepreneurial support opportunities, great place-making, and affordability. Whereas the

DEVELOPMENT OF LAND-USE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR SOUTH AFRICA Mthobisi MASINGA, Peter NJENGA, Dr Brian MUBIWA, Mac MASHIRI, Maartin FRIEDRICH. KENA Consult (Pty) Ltd, South Africa. Land as a resource is limited in nature and its use is not only determined by the user but also by the capability of that land to sustain productive activities. Land capability in turn is governed by the different land attributes such as the type of soil, underlying geology, topography and hydrology. These attributes define the extent to which land can be put to competing purposes in order to optimize its return. Currently a criteria or a scientific basis for the selection of the most appropriate and sustainable use of land for a particular area does not exist in South Africa. For example, agriculture, commercial development, creation of conservation areas and urban development are crucial for the growth of South Africa’s economy, but when confronted with competing potential uses, it is currently not clear how the choices are to be made in an objective, transparent and consistent manner. It is evident that currently, certain land activities are practiced on unsuitable lands and this problem is likely to persist in future if not addressed. Little has been done to model and project land performance for various competing uses going into the future. It is against this backdrop that the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR) commissioned a project to develop Land Use Suitability Assessment Criteria (LUSAC) for South Africa. LUSAC is an important tool in bringing to effect the provisions of the recently enacted Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA, 2013). SPLUMA seeks to promote consistency and uniformity in procedures and decision-making processes related to spatial planning and land use management. Among the key changes brought by SPLUMA is the confirmation of municipalities as authorities of first instance in matters of land development and land use management. The broad principle is that the vast majority of land use and spatial planning decisions are to be taken at municipal level. Section 20 of SPLUMA requires a municipality to prepare a Spatial Development Framework (SDF) one of whose functions is to guide development and the identification of land that is suitable for various types of developments. In order to achieve the above, it is necessary that land suitability assessments are carried out on land before any developments are implemented. The tool would also assist municipalities in preparing land use schemes and SDFs as they would have the knowledge of what is more suitable and viable before undertaking the process. This would in turn help with overarching issue of competing land uses and incompatible land uses.

Land is the prime source of all the resources, which includes benefits to arise out of it. Land valuation is required to carry out government, industrial, finance and planning activities. Valuation of land is done on development, demographic and economic parameters. This paper attempts to figure out various development factors affecting the urban land value and how the land valuation practice is affected from it in Indian context.

This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the principles of decision making in planning systems and how it potentially impacts planning outcomes. The discussion of the strengths and weakness of discretionary, regulatory and hybrid principles is focused around the tension between the desire to maximise certain in decision making or to maximise flexibility. The discretionary system and the hybrid system are first discussed with reference to England and Hong Kong respectively, before and an in-depth analysis of regulatory planning is made in the context of South Africa and the city of Cape Town, with its 2012 zoning scheme. The paper argues that maximising certainty is both strength and a weakness in decision making in planning systems. In the case study of regulatory planning in Post-Apartheid South Africa it is argued that maximising certainty through legally binding zoning maps and ordinances reduces the risks of decision making being made based on whim and political expediency. However the system is still at risk of being manipulated. The implications of these on planning outcomes is that it has exacerbated urban sprawl and contributed to the rise in informality whilst failing to address the legacy of Apartheid-era planning system. In conclusion it offers some suggestions on how to deal with the weaknesses of zoning in South Africa; such as making room for some agreeable levels of negotiation, public participation and local democracy, in order to ensure a more inclusive, equitable and sustainable spatial planning as the current Spatial Planning and Land use Management Act seeks to achieve.

The urban village is an organic part of the city. In contrast to the monotonous urban public space, the urban village public space presents a vivid scene. In this context, it is particularly necessary to study the urban village public space. This paper selects Nantou ancient town in Shenzhen as the research object. Through the investigation and study of the public space of Nantou ancient town, this paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the public space, trying to provide beneficial guidance and reference for the optimization of the public space of urban village.

A shift in the approach of the planners and policy makers regarding rehabilitation of slums has become evident in India. Slum dwellers are part of the urban populace and they possess the same democratic, environmental, health rights and must have access to basic quality of living as all residents. Many existing models of slum rehabilitation often fail to address economic and social disruption to the life of slum dwellers caused due to relocation. The study encourages legitimate in situ development instead of forced evictions and relocation. The authors have emphasized on the use of locally available scrap materials. Being surrounded by ports, docks, and railway workshop units, the Garden Reach Slum in Kolkata provides ample opportunity for the use of Shipping container, rail coaches, GI sheets etc. Considering the high cost of traditional rehabilitation projects which often decelerate the process of slum development, this paper aims to showcase an affordable, feasible and sustainable approach towards the construction of houses for informal settlement for the city of Kolkata.

Public housing programs are critical in developing countries such as Sri Lanka where Governments’ aim to accommodate housing affordability through a dynamic housing market addressing the desired housing mobility and choice of housing solutions. The process of public housing production lacks end-user participation in its design stage and instead provides a typical layout to communities with similar needs and requirements. Nevertheless, the end user inhabits the house by a process of modifications addressing their changing needs and requirements. But such process has no involvement of an Architect, thus modifications done without space planning and design knowledge, results in inhabitable spaces and poor quality of the living environment. This study explores the personalization strategies of the public housing process taking two ‘walk-up apartments’ type of public housing schemes as a case study.

In this paper, resident’s satisfaction in public housing has been evaluated, based on certain parameters of post-occupancy evaluation for the city of Lucknow, India. The research examines the relationship between resident’s satisfaction on two prime factors namely, the physical characteristic of the dwelling unit allotted, and the public facilities provided within the public housing estate. To estimate the satisfaction level among the residents in three categories of the housing scheme, a detailed household questionnaire survey was carried out. The sample size was decided considering the data saturation criteria during the survey. A collective method approach with four supportive methods, a literature study, household survey, data assessment and comparative policy review was taken up to assess the resident’s satisfaction. The analysis was conducted at the household level to understand how differently individual family respond for their needs and services provided based on the four-point Likert scale and mean satisfaction index. This study indicates significant importance of post-occupancy resident’s satisfaction feedback as a tool to upgrade the standard of living and sense of well-being among the residents of public housing. The finding could assist the development of future housing policy response to resident’s satisfaction; also have broader policy implication for urban poor. The study infers the need for policymakers of future housing programs to consider the resident’s satisfaction as a criterion in the shelter policies. This paper is worthy of attention to fill the existing gaps and contribute to future housing policies.

The Riyadh Metro project is one of the current mega-projects that aim to improve the transit systems in Saudi Arabia. It consists of several metro lines with total length of 176 kilometers and 85 stations. The viaducts consider as one of the main construction elements in the metro lines. Four methods to viaducts construction have been used in Riyadh metro project that includes: precast beam, full span launching method, cast on site, and segment method (precast segment method and balanced cantilever method). The viaducts works consume a large portion of a project’s time and cost. Furthermore, the competitive nature of the construction industry increases the need to improve the efficiency of construction performance. Accordingly, this paper takes the initial steps toward increasing the efficiency of viaduct construction methods through simulation. Simulation of construction processes provides a systematic tool that can be used for determining the resources, time and cost of these processes. For viaducts construction, the simulation processes should focus on the main activities which can affect the execution of this element such as segment storages, handling, transporting, and installation. This study highlights the viaducts construction methods and develops general discrete event simulation models for the most commonly used of viaducts construction methods in Riyadh metro using AnyLogic simulation software. The simulation models visualize and capture the interaction between the different activities and resources in a viaduct construction. Consequently, the construction drawbacks can be identified. Furthermore, the simulation model can be manipulated by adding some assumptions in order to develop more efficient construction methods in term of time and cost in such projects.

THE NEXT GENERATION LEARNING TECHNOLOGY in URBAN PLANNING and PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT Virtual Reality (VR) and 3D videos are the most current generation of learning technology. Both 3D videos and VR are being used in professional offices and taught in Schools of Architecture now. The research questions being asked are: How can VR & 3D videos assist students in learning; is developing a VR or 3D video a good educational experience; and which study prototype do students prefer, a physical or virtual model? It is understood that environment and culture contribute to the development of cognition. Critical pedagogical and constructivist theories ground this research with the view ‘that one learns from their experiences with their environments’. The methodology to be used in this research includes both qualitative and quantitative methods; case studies and surveys. Examples of an architectural senior Urban Design project to ‘Reimage, Redesign, & Reconstruct New York’s Central Park’ will also be used as a case study. This research investigates how Virtual Reality and 3D Videos are influencing Urban Planning & Property Development. Expected outcomes of this research include a better understanding of how students learn with present technology; their technology of choice; methods by which students learn best; student suggestions on how to improve their learning; the latest methods to plan, design, and analyze property developments.

The Riyadh Metro project is one of the current mega-projects that aim to improve the transit systems in Saudi Arabia. It consists of several metro lines with total length of 176 kilometers and 85 stations. The viaducts consider as one of the main construction elements in the metro lines. Four methods to viaducts construction have been used in Riyadh metro project that includes: precast beam, full span launching method, cast on site, and segment method (precast segment method and balanced cantilever method). The viaducts works consume a large portion of a project’s time and cost. Furthermore, the competitive nature of the construction industry increases the need to improve the efficiency of construction performance. Accordingly, this paper takes the initial steps toward increasing the efficiency of viaduct construction methods through simulation. Simulation of construction processes provides a systematic tool that can be used for determining the resources, time and cost of these processes. For viaducts construction, the simulation processes should focus on the main activities which can affect the execution of this element such as segment storages, handling, transporting, and installation. This study highlights the viaducts construction methods and develops general discrete event simulation models for the most commonly used of viaducts construction methods in Riyadh metro using AnyLogic simulation software. The simulation models visualize and capture the interaction between the different activities and resources in a viaduct construction. Consequently, the construction drawbacks can be identified. Furthermore, the simulation model can be manipulated by adding some assumptions in order to develop more efficient construction methods in term of time and cost in such projects.

Based on the data of enterprises in the Third National Economic Census of Wuhan, the spatial pattern characteristics of business services in Wuhan metropolitan area are identified by using the methods of kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the influencing factors of the spatial pattern of business services in Wuhan metropolitan area are analyzed by using the spatial econometric model. The results show that the business services in Wuhan Metropolitan Area presents the spatial pattern of

This paper aims to analyze the impact of built environment on the spatial distribution of business services in Wuhan metropolitan area. Based on the enterprise data of the third national economic census of China, taking the grid of 1km*1km as the research unit, the spatial distribution of business services in Wuhan metropolitan area presents a

Jaffna is one of the districts and capital town of Northern Sri Lanka. Jaffna town is a historical and cultural space of Sri Lankan Tamils and Hindus. It has been functioning as a hub for administrative, commercial, educational, health, recreational and transportation service for entire province by accommodating public and private investments since 1800s. The space was evolving as production of societies in respect to their core values and customs until mid 1970s. Westernization and modernization scenarios are highly influencing the re-development pattern and function of Jaffna town space after end of the civil war in 2009. The Jaffna town center is defined as a site to refer spatial and functional changes in every single plot due to rapid development under post war context. The study focused to identify and delineate the site that highly observing the spatial pattern and functional changes under the rapid development context, to analysis the spatial issues that are causing for the spatial pattern and functional change of identified site, and to develop comprehensive spatial model for improving the identified site. Site planning process is mainstreamed in the entire investigation. Temporal, pattern and functional and morphological studies are used for site selection, delineation and reference. Situation, user and spatial analysis are carried to identify issue and potential of the site. Site improvement plans designed based on the results of CAP workshop and Space Syntax analytical models. Flash flooding, traffic congestion, underutilization of land resource and water contaminations are crucial issues. Developments are happening arbitrarily due to the private ownership and not much centralized planned development occurred in the space. Three decades of war is a major factor for delaying on formulating rules, regulations and policies relevant spatial and functional development. The study concludes that Jaffna general hospital and Bus stand are core elements in the site. Improvement of hospital should be carried on North direction and bus stand has to be transformed as well structured bus terminal to accommodate state and private busses. Jaffna Municipal Council and Urban Development Authorities have to pay high attention on formulating and implementing by laws and controlling and managing the spatial and functional development properly with private and public participation.

Trees play a vital role in the Sri Lankan context in providing thermal comfort in many outdoor spaces including public parks. But most trees have not been effectively chosen and positioned for public comfort. The research focuses on the impact of sky visibility, through tree canopies, on the perception of comfort for people in outdoor urban public spaces. Viewing the sky has psychological and physical benefits as well as aesthetic appeal. The aim of the research is to find optimum levels of tree shade and sky view that should be provided by trees for human comfort. The study was conducted in Viharamahadevi Park, Colombo. The plant area index (PAI) was used to categorize the tree shade level and was calculated using the software CAN-EYE, based on ‘fish-eye’ lens photographs, together with a perception survey of users. It was found that satisfactory sky view was proportional to the perceived comfort. In the morning, people were comfortable in moderate to high shade (PAI 0.72 to 4.48), but in the evening people were comfortable in slight to moderate shade (PAI -0.93 to 1.07). The discussion will show that a certain level of sky view does not reduce thermal comfort perception and is necessary for better outdoor comfort.

The 1001 fairy tale of the East, a cultural capital of Kazakhstan, a center of arts and festivals of Central Asia, a contemporary oasis in Syr Darya valley. There are only a few targets of urban transformation of Turkistan, the masterplan strategy designed by interdisciplinary team of Urban Sustain Architecture (Kiev) and Frame Art (Astana). The strategy bases on development of two key neighborhoods - historical Old City and administrative New City. Culture capital of Turkic Peoples and Oasis - city are the key objectives of the strategy. The strategy is based on research and includes guidelines for development of urban fabric, transport and mobility, social realm, culture and creative industries, recovery of green forests as the key part of sustainable urban ecosystem. Key locations for transformations are Old City with UNESCO heritage of Khawaja Akhmed Yasavi Mausoleum and new administrative district of New City. The project based on the results of field research and assessment of economy, culture, transport, environment, theatre industry of Kazakhstan, landscape and biodiversity, priorities of development and city`s stakeholders.

The paper analyses the self-organizing property of small-world graphs using a large dataset of urban arterial road networks. Street networks are examples of real-world complex spatial networks having small-world properties. The primal, planar form of street network is analyzed. The weighted average path length and connectivity are plotted against each other hypothesizing that the respective values of the majority of the cities will fall within a narrow range. The findings prove the hypothesis for over 90% of the sample, indicating the self-organizing property of cities. Additionally, the research finds that the distributional characteristics of average path length and connectivity remain constant across different cultural regions of the world. These findings can add to the knowledge of ‘science’ of cities. Thus, in the backdrop of complexity theory, network science is used to explain urban phenomenon by studying the street network.